life in the metropolis 大都市的生活

life in the metropolis 大都市的生活

1977

RemKoolhaas“‘LifeintheMetropolis’or‘TheCultureofCongestion’”ArchitecturalDesign47,

no.5(August1977)

Copyright ? 1998. MIT Press All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except

fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.Intheverymidstofanantimodernismthatvili?edtheutopianaspirationsofarchitec-turebetweenthewarsasamanifestwilltopowerwhosedesireforacollectivefree-domhadbeenconvertedintothetotalizingformulaofasteelandglasscage,therearoseasensibilityaltogetherdifferent,characterizedbyitsironic,parodictakeonthepsycho-aerobicexercisesofmodernismanditsmaintenanceofwhatshouldstillbeseenasfunctionalistandprogrammaticconcerns,butnowdirectedtowardalmostsurrealscenarios.Between1975and1977,inprojectsliketheWelfarePalaceHotel,TheHotelSphinx,andtheFloatingPool,RemKoolhaasandhisassociatesintheOf?ceforMetropolitanArchitecture(aninternational?rmfoundedinLondonin1975)producedwhatcouldeasilybemistakenfortheparanoidhallucinationsofaGeorgSimmel,CharlesFourier,orLudwigHilberseimer—thesociological-elementaristap-prehensionsofcapitalism’smadness.Intheirresearchanddesignprojects,KoolhaasandOMAlookedtoManhattan’s“cultureofcongestion”forademonstrationofalinkbetweencommercialarchitectureandanavant-gardeprogramofacceleratedtechno-logicaleffects.Thenew“ecstasyaboutarchitecture”—comprisingalmostequal

partsOMAandRemKoolhaas,ParcdeLaVillette,Paris,1982–1983

EBSCO Publishing - NetLibrary; printed on 10/11/2010 4:57:56 AM via University of Hong Kong LibrarieseISBN:9780262082617; Hays, K. Michael. : Architecture Theory Since 1968Account: -243728315

ofconstraintandelation,resignationandintoxication—istheessenceoftheambiva-

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p

elentlifeinthemetropolis,wheretheantinomiesofmodernutopianismareplayed

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eout.It?ndsitsmostperfectobjectinManhattan,theprincipalsiteoflaissez-faire

,

redevelopment,congestion,consumption,andallmannerofworldliness.1

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bOneoftheprimaryexamplesofManhattan’s“techno-psychic”

u

pmachinesdiscoveredbyKoolhaasistheDowntownAthleticClub,inwhichthevast

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h

turbangridandtheelevatorcouplehorizontallyandverticallytoproducepreviously

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ounimaginableexperientialeffectsoutofaneconomicallyengineeredservomecha-

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nnism.“Eatingoysterswithboxinggloves,naked,onthe9th?oor”isbutoneofthe

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ssurrealistprogrammaticpromisesofwhatis,initself,analmostunrepresentablein-

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rfrastructure,butonewhoseliberativepotentialscanbethwartedonlybyafailureofe

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tnerve.Whatismore,thismachine(thegrid-elevator-skycrapercombination)came

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o

hintobeingwithoutasinglearchitect’sintention.Itisthealmostautomaticby-product

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ofacollectivemetropolitansubjectthatrefusedtoadoptadiscourseatoddswithm

rotherealitiesofactualpractice—anavant-gardewithoutamanifesto,whichmustthen

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y

nbewrittenretroactively.

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nIn1978,DeliriousNewYork:ARetroactiveManifestoforMan-

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ehattan,thefullstudyofManhattanmetropolitanism,waspublished.In1982the

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dDowntownAthleticClubwasrotatedninetydegrees,fromsectionintoplan,toform

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p

ethediagramofOMA’sentrytothecompetitionfortheParcdeLaVillette,whichfur-

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etherexploredtherelationshipbetweenarigid,nonarchitecturaldeviceandthecontin-

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ogentprogrammaticeffectsitcangenerate.

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vo“IfManhattan1.isstillinsearchofatheory,thenthistheory,onceidenti?ed,shouldyielda

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seformulaforanarchitecturethatisatonceambitiousandpopular.Manhattanhasgenerated

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aashamelessarchitecturethathasbeenlovedindirectproportiontoitsde?antlackofself-

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gphatred,respectedexactlytothedegreethatitwenttoofar.Manhattanhasconsistentlyip

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l inspiredinitsbeholdersecstasyaboutarchitecture.”RemKoolhaas,DeliriousNewYork:A

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.RetroactiveManifestoforManhattan(NewYork:OxfordUniversityPress,1978),p.10.

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EBSCO Publishing - NetLibrary; printed on 10/11/2010 4:57:56 AM via University of Hong Kong LibrarieseISBN:9780262082617; Hays, K. Michael. : Architecture Theory Since 1968Account: -243728315see706

1977RemKoolhaas“LifeintheMetropolis”or“TheCultureofCongestion”Copyright ? 1998. MIT Press All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except

fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.Whydowehaveamind,ifnottogetourownway?DOSTOEVSKYSomewhereinthe19thcenturycertainpartsoftheglobe—negligibleintermsofsurface—developedanunprecedentedcondition:throughthesimultaneousexplo-sionofmoderntechnologiesandhumanpopulationontheirlimitedterritories,theyfoundthemselvessupportingthemutantformofhumancoexistencethatisknownasMetropolis.TheMetropolisinvalidatesalltheprevioussystemsofarticula-tionanddi?erentiationthathavetraditionallyguidedthedesignofcities.TheMe-tropolisannulstheprevioushistoryofarchitecture.ButiftheMetropolisisatruemutation,itcanbeassumedthatithasalsogenerateditsownUrbanism:anarchitecturethatisexclusivelyconcerned`res”oftheMetropolitanCondition;anarchitecturewiththe“splendeursetmisewithitsowntheorems,laws,methods,breakthroughsandachievementsthathasremainedlargelyoutsidethe?eldofvisionofo?cialarchitectureandcriticism,bothunabletoadmitafundamentalrupturethatwouldmaketheirownexistenceprecarious.ManhattanByanunspokenconsensus,ManhattanisconsideredthearchetypeoftheMetropol-itanCondition,tothepointwherethetwoareofteninterchangeable.Manhattan’sspectaculargrowthcoincidedexactlywiththede?nitionoftheconceptofMetropo-lisitself.Manhattanrepresentstheapotheosisoftheidealofdensityperse,bothofpopulationandofinfrastructures;itsarchitecturepromotesastateofcongestiononallpossiblelevels,andexploitsthiscongestiontoinspireandsupportparticularformsofsocialintercoursethattogetherformauniquecultureofcongestion.ThefollowingepisodesofManhattan’shistorycircumscribesuchanUrbanismthatisspeci?callyMetropolitan.ConeyIslandConeyIslandisaclitoralappendageatthemouthofNewYorkharbor,discoveredonedaybeforeManhattanitself.From1600to1800theshapeofthepeninsulachangedunderthecombinedimpactofnaturalforces—(shiftingsands)—andhumaninterven-tion—(thecuttingofacanalthatturnedConeyactuallyintoanisland).Thesemod-i?cationstogetherfolloweda“design”thatturnedtheIslandmoreandmoreinto

aminiatureofManhattan.

Fromthemid-19thcentury,theobstaclesofgeographythat

hadsofarensuredrelativeinaccessibilitytotheislandwereonebyonetranscendedbynewtransportationtechnologies.

EBSCO Publishing - NetLibrary; printed on 10/11/2010 4:57:56 AM via University of Hong Kong LibrarieseISBN:9780262082617; Hays, K. Michael. : Architecture Theory Since 1968Account: -243728315

KOOLHAAS1977323

Copyright ? 1998. MIT Press All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except

fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.In1883theBrooklynBridgeremovedthelastobstructionthathadkeptManhattan’sinhabitantsinplace.FromthenontheyescapedtotheAtlanticbeachinaweeklyExodusthatconcentratedmorethan1millionpeopleontheminusculeislandonagoodday.Thevirginnaturethatisthedestinationofthisfranticmigra-tiondisappearedundertheonslaughtoftheunprecedentedhyper-density.Ascom-pensationforthislossofnature,abatteryofnewtechnologieswasdevelopedtoprovideequivalentconditionsonascalethatwascommensuratewiththenewMet-ropolitannumbers.ConeyIslandbecamealaboratoryofthecollectiveuncon-scious:thethemesandtacticsofitsexperimentationwerelatertoreappearinManhattan.CowThe?rstnaturalelementtobeconvertedwasthecow.Sincenoamountofrealcowscoulddealwiththeinsatiablethirstofthemillion,amachinewasdesignedandbuilt:theInexhaustibleCow.Itsmilkissuperiortothenaturalproductintermsofquantity,regularityof?ow,hygiene,andcontrollabletemperature.BathingSimilarconversionsfollowinrapidsuccession.Sincethetotalsurfaceofthebeachesandthetotallengthofthesur?inewere?niteandgiven,itfollowedwithmathe-maticalcertaintythatnoteachofthehundredsofthousandsofvisitorscould?ndaplacetospreadoutinthesand,letalonesucceedinreachingthewaterwithinthelimitofasingleday.Toward1890,theintroductionofelectricityinthisimpassemadeitpossibletocreateaseconddaytime—intenseelectriclightswereplacedatregularintervalsalongthesur?ine,sothattheseacouldbeenjoyedinatrulyMetropolitanshiftsystem.Thoseunabletoreachthewaterinthedayweregivena12-hourextension.WhatisuniqueinConeyIsland—andthissyndromeoftheIrresistibleSyntheticsetsthetoneforlatereventsinManhattan—isthatthisillumi-nationwasnotseenasasecond-rateexperience,butthatitsveryarti?cialitywasadvertisedasanattractioninitself:ElectricBathing.HorsesThepreferredactivityofthehappyfewwhohadenjoyedtheislandinitsvirginstatehadbeenhorsebackriding.Ofcourse,thatexperiencewasunthinkableonthe

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