国际贸易实务英文版第三版知识点及模拟题

 

国际贸易实务(下划线为重点记忆和理解,无的为一般记忆和了解)

Chapter one

1. 2. (了解)

1) Resource reasons (natural resource, human resource and technology)

2) Economic reasons (economic benefits, comparative advantage and

economies of scale) 3) Other reasons (political reasons, differences in tastes, preferences and

consumption patterns)

3.

2) 3) 4) 5) 4. 1)从货物流向(direction of cargo flow)分: export trade, import trade and transit trade(过境贸易)

2)从参与的贸易方(the number of participants )分:direct trade, indirect trade and entrepot trade(转口贸易)

entrepot trade refers to the transaction which involves importing goods for further processing or assembling and the re-exporting the goods abroad. 转口贸易又称中转贸易或再输出贸易,是指国际贸易中进出口货物的买卖,不是在生产国和消费国之间直接进行,而是通过第三国转手进行的贸易。对于第三国来说,就是转口贸易,与过境贸易的最大区别在于货物的所有权会发生转移,并且只涉及一个贸易方。国际上有很多中转地,如新加坡,香港,鹿特丹等

3)从商品形式(form of goodsbarter trade)和 自由结汇贸易(free-liquidation trade)

transaction, the whole operation und

其中第二个环节:

①ephone)

In writing (business correspondence which includes letters, faxes, e-mails) Chapter two 国际贸易术语

1.(three sets of rules)

1) 1932年华沙牛津规则(Warsaw-Oxford Rules 1932)

2) 美国对外贸易修正案1941(Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions 1941)

3) 2000年国际贸易术语解释通则(International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms 2000)

2. incoterms2000 的具体内容( E、F、C、D (这个不知道怎么写,看书本P34-42)

3. 装运合同术语和到货合同术语区别 起运前交付(the delivery will happen at the time or before )如:E F C 类 到达目的地后交付(deliver at the time of arrival)

买方并没有实质性的接受到货物,而是通过一系列运输单据证明其交接。( the buyer does not physically receive the goods, the delivery is proved by the submission of transport document by the seller to the buyer)只意味着买方同意了买方交货的事实,并不代表买方接受了该批货物就是与合同一致的货物。

buyer (or his agent) physically receives the goods upon the

Chapter three 出口商品的价格

1.出口商品价格的表达( expression of export price)

The standard format of a price in international trade has four components 通常一个标准出口价格包括四个部分: a code of currency) a number indicating the price)

a unit for measuring quantity)

e term)

这是一种出口价格的表现形式,在纽约市用CIF贸易术语进行交易,每件货为22.5美元

FOB= total cost + profit

以外国货币计算 FOB= (Total cost + profit)/ Exchange rate

CFR价格: CFR= FOB + Ocean freight

CIF价格: CIF=FOB + Ocean freight +Insurance Premium

Insurance premium =CIF *(1+markup) *Premium rate(R) 包含佣金(commission)的价格:

①Commission (C) = contract value * commission rate

折扣价: Discount = contract price * discount rate Export revenue (FOB)

公式中用的是FOB价格,即不包含运费保险费的价格,并且使用的是出口国货币。反映的是一单位的销售额能赚取多少的利润,越大越好

Export revenue in foreign currency

该指标反映的是要赚取一单位的外国货币需要花费的本国货币成本,越小越好 4. 定价的四个步骤:(要求能够知道概念和判断)

参考书上67-72页的几个example

Chapter four 商品条款

1. 品质条款:

注:CISG规定,如果一项商品交易既凭描述性买卖又凭样品实物买卖,那么卖方必须使交货的商品同时符合这两个条件

1凭规格买卖(sale by specification ): 用商品质量的若干指标,如大小、容量、成分等

凭等级买卖 (sale by grade ): 如一级二级,大中小号等

凭产地买卖(sale by origin)

凭说明书和图样买卖(sale by descriptions or illustrations)

2留样(duplicate)

②凭买方样品买卖:又叫来样制作,但容易产生工业产权纠纷 A counter sample is a replica made by the seller of the sample provided, normally by the buyer. It is also called a returned sample or a confirmed sample.

2. 品质条款的注意事项(必须在合同中注明)

e range within which the exibly controlled. 是指对特定质量指标在一定幅度内可以机动。

2eviation recognized, which 是指允许交付货物的特定质量指标在公认的一定范围内的差异。

3)保障条款(Safeguard Clause): 保护卖方避免受到因工业产权和知识产权而受到不应该的控告

3.计量方法(measuring quantity)

国际贸易中主要使用的度量衡制度有四种:公制(metric system), 美制(U.S. system),英制(British system)和国际单位制(International system of units). 主要单位有:

ton, gram, kilogram, pound, ounce . 注意:ton有metric ton( 1016KG) 和 short ton(907KG) 之分,合同中如果未注明,很容易产生纠纷。

: gallon, liter, bushel ….

: piece, package, pair, set, gross, dozen, head, case, barrel, drum, …..

….

…..

商品连同包装的重量

The dry weight of commodity plus the

= dried net weight *(1 + standard regain rate)

= when the total weight of the product is quantity and the unit weight, rather than measured actually. 适用于固定规格和体积的商品。

The weight of goods including the immediate, 通常法定重量是征收关税的依据。

5. 包装的类型

1)包括裸装货(nude cargo), 散装货(bulk cargo),包装货(packed cargo)

2)运输包装(transport packing)又称 shipping packing, outer packing, big packing, is mainly adopted to facilitate cargo transportation.

Chapter five 国际货物运输

1. 班轮和租船运输

1是在一定航线上,在一定的停靠港口,定期船期固定(), 航线固定(specified route), 停靠港口固定(routes with fixed base ports)和 运费率相对固定(comparatively fixed freight rates)

⑵班轮的种类:工会同盟班轮(conference liners)和非工会同盟班轮(non-conference liners)

⑶ 货物由承运人负责配载装卸并承担费用(包括如速遣费和滞期费等额外费用) ⑸基本运费的计算标准

①重量吨W (weight ton)

②体积吨M (measurement ton)

③W/M –重量和体积,取高者 (Note: 1WT=1MT)

④基于商品价值A.V.–根据商品FOB价值的百分比收费

参考书本P121页例题

⑹附加费和附属费(了解)

Surcharge 附加费 – beyond our control

? Bunker Surcharge (bunker adjustment factor / BAF)

燃油附加费 (15% of the cost)

? Currency Surcharge (currency adjustment factor / CAF)

货币贬值附加费 ? ? ? Deviation Surcharge 绕道附加费 ? Additionals ? Heavy lift additional / Extra charges on heavy lifts 超重费 (over 5 M/T)

? Lengthy cargo additional / Extra charges on over lengths 超长费 (over 9m)

? Bulky cargo additional 超大费 (over 6cbm)

? Additional on direct 直行附属费

? Not at basic port, volume over 1000 M/T

? Additional on optional discharging port 选卸港附属费

? Additional for alternation of destination 变更卸港附属费

2)租船运输(charter transportation):

定程和定期租船的区别(了解)p121

F.I.O (free in and out): the ship-owner does not bear loading and unloading cost

2. 其他运输方式

1)航空运输Air transportation: 运费计算与海洋运输中的一样,只是单位不同(Note: 6000cm3=1kg)

2)铁路和公路运输Rail(way) transportation and Road transportation in another country by at least two modes of transportation on the basis of a multi-modal transportation contract.

is a method of distributing merchandise in a opting an inter-modal system which provides a possible combination of sea, road and other modes of transportation.

? Variety in service

? Involving one operator

? Use of special equipment

? Low risk of damage and pilferage

? Substantial cost savings

⑵集装箱种类

? Dry cargo container 干货集装箱

? Refrigerated/reefer container 冷冻集装箱

? Tanker container 油罐集装箱

? Car container 车辆集装箱

⑶集装箱运输服务

①②⑷运费计算

3. 海运提单Bill of lading

必须注明装船日备运提单是指承运人已收到托运货物等待装运期间所签发的提单。没有具体的装⑵ 或包装有缺陷状况的文字或批注的提单。A clean B/L refers to one which does not declare a defective condition of the exterior packing of goods.

不清洁提单是指承运人在签发的提单上带有明显宣称货物或包装有缺陷状况的文字或批注的提单。An unclean B/L is the one that contains unfavorable notation about the apparent condition of the cargo.

记名提单是指提单上的收货人栏内填明特定收货人名称的提单。①Made out to a designated consignee ②Only the named consignee is entitled to the cargo ③Not transferable

不记名提单(open or blank B/L): 指提单上的收货人栏内不写明特定收货人名称的提单。①The consignee box left blank or open, or bearing the wording “To bearer” (至持有人) ②Can be transferred without endorsement therefore with high risk ,unfavorable in international trade

指示提单是指提单上的收货人栏内填写“凭指示”或“凭某某人指示”字样的提单。①Made out to the order of a named person,No definite consignee, “To order” “To order of the shipper” or “To order of the consignee” instead ②Negotiable and transferable,but need endorsement ,Widely used in international trade 单。

转船提单①Involving additional charges, longer time and higher risks in transit, therefore unfavorable to the buyer ②Acceptable only when there is no direct service 正本提单是指提单上有承运人或其代理人签名盖章并注明签发日期的提单 ① Valid only after being singed by the shipping company or its agent

② Showing “Original” and the number of the signed originals

③ Normally made out in a set of three originals

④ An evidence showing the ownership of goods

⑤副本提单仅供参考和记录之用,注明副本字样。Normally only used for reference or for records.

⑹全式提单(Long form B/L) 和略式提单( short form B/L)

⑺运费付讫提单(freight prepaid)和运费托收提单(freight to be collected) ⑻其他不规范提单

到付提单(stale B/L): 指提单签发后超过信用证规定期限才交到银行的提单,或者收货人不能在船到目的港前收到的提单。 预签提单(advanced B/L): 在货物还未实际装载前签发的提单。(不知何时起运)

甲板提单(on-deck B/L): 承运人签发的表明货物装于船舶甲板上的提单。

3)其他运输单证 Consignment note (rail waybill)

公路承运货物收据Road consignment note

多式联运单据Multimodal transportation document (MTD) shipped in more than one lot.分批装运是指一个合同下的货物先后分若干批装运。

Transshipment means unloading and reloading from one vessel to another during the course of ocean carriage from the port of loading to the port of discharge stipulated.转运是指从装运港至卸货港过程中,进行转装或重装,包括从一运输工具移至另一运输工具的行为。

6. 为了弥补船方的损失,对超过的实践租船人应向船方支付一定的罚款。

Demurrage is the amount of money paid as a penalty at an agreed rate by charterer to compensate the ship-owner for his losses in case the charterer fails to have loading and unloading completed within the lay time.

速遣费是指租船人在规定的期限呢,提前完成装卸作业,则所节省的时间船方要向租船人支付一定的奖金。

Dispatch is the amount of money paid as a bonus by the ship-owner to the charterer if they get loading and unloading done ahead of schedule.

Chapter six 货物运输保险

1. 保险的四大基本原则(fundamental principles of cargo insurance):

可保利益指的是投保人对保险标的具有法律上承认的利益。Insurable interest is the interest on insurance subject matter held by the insurant and recognized by law, indicating that the insurant will suffer some financial losses if any maritime risks materialize.投保人对保险标的不具有可保利益的,保险合同无效,这就是可保利益原则。通常的可保利益形式有货物的所有权、保费、运费等

是指投保人和保险人在签订保险合同以及在合同有效期内,必须保持最大限度的诚意。Both parties be faithful and honest in entering into the insurance contract. Insurant shall expose all important facts influencing the judgment and evaluation by the insurer to the perils.

3) 是指当保险标的遭受保险责任范围内的损失时,保险人应当依照保险合同的约定履行赔偿义务。In the event of loss of or damage to the subject matter resulting from an insured peril, the insurer shall compensate the claimant exactly what the latter has lost in the occurrence of the peril. b) c) 指保险人只对承保风险和保险标的损失之间有直接因果关系的损失负赔偿责任。 The insurer shall only responsible for the loss which has a direct link to the risks covered.

如果有两个以上原因造成损失,则①如果前因在保险范围内,后因不在,前因导

致后因,保险人要赔付;②如果前因不在保险范围内,后因在,前因导致后因,保险人不赔

自然灾害Natural calamities:

Caused by force majeure events such as heavy weather , lightening, Tsunami, earthquake, volcanic eruption, thunderbolt (雷劈), etc.

意外事故Unexpected accidents/fortuitous accidents:

Caused by accidents such as fire, explosion, vessel stranding(搁浅), grounded(触礁), sunk or capsized (倾覆), collision(碰撞), missing, etc. 一般外来风险General risks :

Caused by common factors such as theft, fresh water rain雨淋, shortage短量, leakage渗漏, clash and breakage破损, odor串味,heating and sweating受潮和受热, hook damage钩损, rust锈损, breakage of packing, etc.

特殊外来风险Special risks:

Caused by military factors, political factors, government regulations such as war, striking罢工, confiscation (没收), etc.

3. 海上损失

或者受到严重损坏完全失去原有的形体、效用。Actual total loss means cargo has been totally lost or has been damaged to the extent that it has lost its original usage.

推定全损是指被保险货物在运输途中受损后,实际全损已经不可避免,或者恢复、修复受损货物并将其运送到原定目的地的费用超过货物到达目的地所原有的价值。Constructive total loss means cargo is not totally lost, but the actual total loss shall be unavoidable or the restoration fees together with other miscellaneous expenses will exceed the anticipated amount of profit when cargo is delivered to the destination as arranged originally.

2)部分损失

⑴指整批货物的部分损失或者部分货物的全部损失a partial damage to or the total loss of part of the insured cargo

船舶、货物和其他财产遭遇共同危险,为了共同安全,有意的合理的采取措施所直接造成的特殊牺牲、支付的特殊费用。A partial & deliberate sacrifice of the ship, freight, or cargo, or additional expenses incurred to rescue a ship and its cargo from impeding danger or for the common safety of the adventure under a peril of the sea or some other hazards.

①共同海损的条件:a. 导致共同海损的危险必须是真实存在的或不可避免的;b. 船方所采取的措施必须是为了解除船、货的共同危险,有意识而且是合理的;c. 所做的牺牲具有特殊性,支出的费用是额外的;d. 牺牲和费用的支出最终必须是有效的 参考课本P165例题

单独海损是指除共同海损意外的部分损失,由受损方单独承担。

单独海损是由海上风险直接造成的货物损失,没有人为因素单独海损的损失由受损方自行承担,而共同海损的损失由各受益方按获救财产价值的多少,按比

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例共同分摊。

4. 费用:为了营救被保险货物所支出的费用 施救费用是指保险标的在遭遇保险责任范围内的灾害事故时,被保险人或其代理人、雇佣人员和保险单受让人对保险标的所采取的各种抢救、防止或减少货损的5. 中国海上运输保险条款范围Coverage of marine cargo insurance of CIC

Figure 6.4 Basic Coverage of C.I.C.

2)附加险Additional coverage

一般附加险:General additional coverage 如:淡水雨淋险、碰损破碎险、勾损

险、偷窃提货不着险等

特殊附加险:如战争险、罢工民变险、交货不到险、舱面风险、拒收险、进口关税险、黄曲霉素险(aflatoxin risk)等

6. 不包括在中国海运保险条款的基本险和附加险中

(被保

险人故意行为或过失所造成的损失)

? loss or damage falling under the liability of the consignor; (属于发货人责

任所引起的损失)

? loss or damage arising from the inferior quality or shortage of the insured

goods prior to the attachment of this insurance;(在保险责任开始前,被保险货物已存在的品质不良或数量短差所造成的损失)

? loss or damage arising from normal loss, inherent vice or nature of the

insured goods, loss of market and/or delay in transit and any expenses arising therefrom;(被保险货物的自然损耗、本质缺陷、特性以及市价跌落、运输延迟所引起的损失或费用)

? Risks and liabilities excluded by the ocean marine cargo war risks clauses

and strike, riot and civil commotion clauses of C.I.C.(海洋货物运输战争险条款和货物运输罢工险条款的责任范围和除外责任)

7. 1) The from the warehouse or place of storage of the shipper named in the policy until the cargo from the warehouse or place of storage of the receiver named in the policy.

2) 在不同运输方式下的仓至仓条款:在货物到达目的港完成卸载与进入最终仓库期间,海运条件下60天,空运条件下30天。

3)

1)基本险:陆运/航空险= 水渍险

陆运/航空一切险

附加险:陆运/航空货物战争险

1) 计算保险金额 to calculate the insurance amount

a) Insurance amount = CIF (CIP) ×(1+ markup rate)

b) Markup rate is normally 110%

2) 决定保险范围To determine the insurance coverage

Under CIF&CIP, min. FPA;

3) 获取保险费率To obtain the insurance premium rate

4) 投保并支付保费To apply for marine insurance and pay the insurance premium

Insurance Premium (I)=insurance value×premium rate (R)

= CIF(CIP) ×(1+ markup rate)×premium rate (R)

5)获取保单To obtain an insurance document

大保单(insurance policy)和小保单( insurance certificate)

6) 发生损失时进行索赔To lodge an insurance claim at the time of loss or damage e.

Two kinds of franchise

①不可减除的Non-deductible: 只有当损失超过某个程度时按照全部损失比例进行赔偿

②可减除的Deductible: 只对超过某个程度的部分进行补偿

of percentage):不考虑免赔率而对损失进行全部赔偿

Chapter Seven International Payments国际货款支付

一、支付工具

1、汇票Draft / Bill of Exchange (含义、基本内容、分类)

1)Definition:

A draft is an unconditional written order addressed by one person to another, singed by the person giving it, requiring the addressed person to pay at sight or at a fixed future time the sum of money clearly specified, to the payee or to his order.

汇票是由一人向另一人签发的书面无条件支付命令,是由出票人签发的,委托付款人在见票时或者在指定日期无条件支付确定的金额给收款人或其指定的人的票据 。

关系主体

1) The words of “Bill of Exchange” or “Draft”

2) The date and place of issuance of draft

3) A specific sum which shall be exactly the same with that indicated on

export invoice

4) The tenor, that is, the period of credit

(If not stipulated, regarded as Sight draft)

5) The name of the drawee

6) The name and signature of the drawer

7) The name of the payee or order or bearer

8) The endorsement of the payee when applicable

3)Types of draft

Clean draft vs. documentary draft 光票和跟单汇票

Banker’s Draft vs. Commercial draft 银行汇票和商业汇票

Sight draft vs. time draft 即期汇票和远期汇票

简单了解: 本票Promissory note 支票Check

二、Three Types of remittance汇付方式:

信汇Mail transfer (M/T) :by mail;lower charges, but slow

电汇Telegraphic transfer (T/T):by telecommunication system (telex or

telegraph or swift).;Faster, safer, but more expensive

票汇Banker’s Demand Draft (D/D) :Import. buys a check from a bank in

import country and sends to the export.;Lowest charge, slowest ;Transferable

表格 俩个基本流程 课本P205 M/T、T/T与D/T的流程

三、托收Collection

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