第一部分
Ⅰ.阅读理解选修八
AModule3-4
导学号02281049
Ifyouhaveevertriedanewsportorattemptedlearningamusicalinstrument,youarewellawarethatthehardestpartisgettingstarted.Onceyoufigureoutthetechnique,theskillsreturnfairlyeasily,eveniftheyarenotusedforlongperiodsoftime.Mostexpertsattributethisto“musclememory”，whichmeansthebrainrememberstheactionandcanrecallitwhenneeded.NowsomeresearchersfromJohnHopkinsUniversitybelievethereisanotherfactorthatmaybeasimportantinrecallingpreviouslylearnedmotorskills—theerrorsmadewhilelearningthetask.
ThestudyledbyRezaShadmehr,ProfessorofBiomedicalEngineering,involvedaskingvolunteerstoplayasimplevideogame:hittingaredtargetdotwithaslightlysmallerbluedot,similartoplayingvirtualgames.Whatthegamersdidnotknowwasthatassoonastheymasteredthegame,theresearchersreprogrammeditbymovingthebluedotslightlyoff-course,therebyforcingthemtorestartthelearningprocess.Whatthescientistsobservedwasthatthoughthevolunteersdidmakemistakeseverytimethegamewaschanged,theygotsuccessivelyfasteratmasteringit.
Shadmehrbelievesthatthishassomethingtodowiththefactthatinadditiontodeliveringthetasktomusclememory,thebrainisalsorecognizingeachwrongmoveandlearninghowtocorrectit.Hecomparesittohavingacoachthatpointsoutthemistakesandmakessuggestionsonhowtoimprove.
Whatsurprisesthescientistsmostisthatmakingmistakesnotonlytrainsthebraintoperformbetterataspecifictask,butalsohelpsitlearnfasterfromerrors,evenwhenthemistakesaremadewhilelearningacompletelydifferenttask.Theresearchersbelievethatthebrainkeepsageneraldatabaseoferrorsandthemwheneveranewmotorskillisbeinglearned,toensurethatmistakesarenotrepeated.Thishelpsmakesuccessivelearningprocessesmuchfaster.语篇解读：本文介绍了“肌肉记忆”，以及大脑能够从错误中学习。
1．Whichexamplecanexplainthe“musclememory”？
A．Onecanfinishataskbetterthanothers.
B．Onecanrememberathingforalongtime.
C．Onecanmasteragamefasterthanothers.
D．Askillthatonemasteredbeforecanreturneasily.
答案：D细节理解题。由第一段第二句对musclememory的解释可知，人在掌握了一项技能后，即使长时间不用，也能很容易地重新掌握这项技能，故D项符合。
2．Whathappenedwhenthescientistschangedthegame?
A．Thegamerscouldn'thitthetarget.
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