高一英语语法（4）：动词的被动语态
一、常见的被动语态形式
主动语态：A do B
被动语态：B + be + done + (by A)；A承受者；B执行者
1. 以repair为例，写出以下时态的被动语态
2. 情态动词的被动语态（情态动词 + be + done）
*被动语态的时态是通过助动词be来体现的，与其后的done无关。
3. E.X.
1) You __________ (be, want) on the phone.有电话找你。
2) The city __________ (be, liberate) in 1949. 这座城市是1949年解放的。
3) They __________ (be,invite) to your party.他们将被邀请参加你的晚会。
4) The car ___________ (be, repair). 车正在修理当中
5) This book __________ (be, translate) into many languages. 这本书已被译成多
种语言。
6) The worker said that the tree __________ (be plant). 工人说要把树种上。
7) The door __________ (be, paint) then. 那时，那道门正在被刷漆。
8) The work __________ (be, finish) before dark.天黑前工作就完成了。
9) The work __________ (be, do) today.
10) His house __________ (be, sell). 他的房子卖掉了。
11) His house __________ (be, sell) so that he doesn’t have any house to live in. 他
二、被动语态的基本用法（承受者和执行者）
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1. 当强调动作的承受者，将承受者作为谈话的中心时用被动语态。如：
2. 当没有必要说出动作的执行者或根本不知道动作的执行者是谁时通常用被动语态。如：
（be, finish）by now.
3. 当动作的执行者不是人
而是无生命的事物时常用被动语态。如： 4. 有时出于礼貌，不便提到动作的执行者，用被动语态。如：
Enough __________ (be, do) for you, but you’ve made little progress. 为你做了很多，然而你却进步很少。（谦虚）
三、较为特殊的被动语态结构
1. 感官动词和使役动词的被动语态
doing（现在分词，表正在）
1）
A + see/hear/notice/find/watch/observe + B
do（不带to
的不定式，表过程）
B + be + seen / heard / noticed / found / watched / observed + to do（动词不定式）
2）A + let / have / make + B + do（不带to的不定式）
B + be let / had / made + to do（动词不定式）
如：He was seen __________ (enter) the room.
2. 带复合宾语的动词在改为被动语态时，常把主动结构中的宾语改为主语，而宾语补足语保留不动。
*双宾语：vt. + 双宾语
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*复合宾语：vt. +
复合宾语
宾语 + be done + 宾语补足语（宾补）sb. be told to do
如： vt. 宾语宾语补足语（宾补）
主语
3. 短语动词变为被动语态时，把主要动词变为被动形式。
如：
The old houses __________.
4. 汉语有一类句子不出现主语（无主语主动句），在英语中可用被动结构表示。如：It is said that… 据说??
It is reported that… 据报道??
It is supposed that… 据推测??
It is hoped that… 希望??
It is well known that… 众所周知??
It is generally considered that… 普遍认为??
It is suggested that… 有人建议??
__________ he is famous in his own country.
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四、主动形式表示被动意义
1. 表示事物状态特征的连系动词
看起来/听起来/摸起来/闻起来/尝起来：look, sound, feel, smell, taste
似乎：appear, seem
证明：prove 变得：go, turn, become, get, grow, + adj. 保持：keep, stay
fall（fall asleep）
如：The flowers __________ sweet.
2. 表示主语的某种属性特征的动词read, write, act, iron, cut, draw, drive, sell, wash, clean, wear, open, cook, lock, shut, dry, eat, drink + adv. 如：
1) This pen __________ well.
2) The coat __________ conveniently.
3) This book __________ well. 。
3. 表示开始、结束、运动的动词，如：begin, finish, start, open, close, stop, end, shut, run（运行）, move等。如：
Work __________ at 8 o’clock this morning. 工作在今天早上8
4. “in, on, under等 + n.”构成prep.短语表被动意义，名词前一般不用冠词（介词的固定搭配）。如：under control（被控制住）, under repair（在修理中）, under discussion（在讨论中）, under construction（在修建中）, beyond belief（难以置信）, beyond one’s reach（够不着）, beyond our hope（始料不及）, for sale（热销中）, for rent（以供出租）, in print（已出版）, on show（上演，被展示）, on trial（受审；在试验中）, out of fashion（过时），in sight（被看见）, out of sight（___________）等。如：
The bike is __________.
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5.
sth.
sth. to be done
如：
1)
2)
= This bicycle needs __________ __________ __________.
6. 有些adj.后的to do（动词不定式）有被动的含义。这些adj.构成的句型为：
A很容易/难/重/轻/合适/
如：The work is hard __________ (do). 这项工作很难做。
7.
如：The story was not interesting enough __________ (publish).
这个故事趣味性不够，不能（被）发表。
8. 在“A + have + B + to do”的结构中，当to do与它修饰的B有动宾关系，且与该句的A构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，to do一般用主动形式表被动；反之，需使用to be done的结构表明被动。如：
主谓
动宾
主谓
have 动宾
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1) He has nothing __________ (eat). 他没有什么东西可吃。
2) Do you see the letter __________ (type)? 你看到那封要打的信了吗？
3) Do you have much work __________(do) today? 你今天有很多工作要做
吗？
9. 某些动词在以物为主语的句子中，其进行时也可以表示被动意义。如： The dinner is cooking. 正在烧饭。
五、被动语态与系表结构的区别：被动语态表示动作，主语是动作的承受者； 系表结构表示主语的特征或所处的状态。
1. A be done by B：被动语态；
A be done __________ (其他prep.搭配)：系表结构。如：
1)
（被动语态）
2) 我怕蛇。
系 + 表（动词的过去分词做adj.，做系动词的表语，表状态）
2. am / is / are + done +
am / is / are + done：系表结构。如：
1) 银行通常在6点（被）关门。(被动语态)
2) 银行现在没开门。
系 + 表
3. was / were + done +
was / were + done：系表结构。如：
1) 这幅画是很久以前（被）画的。（被动语态）
2) 这幅画画得很好。
系 + 表
六、“
get + done”结构的用法
1. 表示突然、偶然、意外发生的事。如：The student got __________ （hurt）on his way home from school.
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2. 表示反身行为而非被动行为。如：I have to get __________ (dress)before 7 o’clock. 7
3. 表示说话强调动作。比较：
1) Were you invited to the party?
2) Did you get invited to the party?
4. 这种结构比较常见的搭配有：get arrested（被捕）, get caught（被抓到）, get confused（发蒙）, get delayed（被推迟了）, get engaged（订婚），get married（结婚了），get divorced（离婚了）, get dressed（穿好衣服）, get drowned（被淹死了）, get drunk（喝醉了）, get elected（获得选票）, get hit（挨打）, get killed（毙命）, get lost（迷路）, get stuck（卡住了）。
七、表示“据说”的被动句型
1. It is said (supposed / expected / reported?) that ?
2. There is / are said (supposed / known?) to be?（is和are的选择根据主谓一致中的就近原则）
3. sb. / sth. is / are said (expected / believed?) to do?
E.X.
1)
2)
3)
（肝癌）.
4)
（轨道）.
5)
6) 7)
（甲虫）.
八、使用被动语态应注意的问题
1. 混淆被动语态的时态。
2. 根据汉语意思误用被动语态。如汉语说“发生变化”，但英语习惯说“变化发生”，此时不能用“变化被发生”。如：Great changes __________ (take place) in my home town in the past years.
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E.X.
Ⅰ. 将下列各句的主动语态变成被动语态。
1. The police will surely arrest the thieves.
_____________________________________________________________________
2. The army engineers and soldiers have built a bridge over the river.
_____________________________________________________________________
3. The workers could not find the manager anywhere in the factory.
_____________________________________________________________________
4. My sister made the soup.
_____________________________________________________________________
5. He gave me a present.
_____________________________________________________________________
6. My mother invited him to dinner yesterday evening.
_____________________________________________________________________
7. The manager often sends them to repair cars.
_____________________________________________________________________
8. The students have put up the pictures on the wall.
_____________________________________________________________________
9. Our school built a new teaching building last year.
_____________________________________________________________________
10. We were cleaning our classroom at that time.
_____________________________________________________________________ Ⅱ. 单项选择。
1. The number of deaths from heart disease will be reduce greately if people
__________ to eat more fruit and vegetables.
A. persuade
C. be persuaded
2. Good medicine __________ bitter.
A. are tasted B. tastes B. will persuade D. are persuaded
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C. will be tasted D. would be tasted
3. ---Will you go skiing with me this winter vacation?
---It __________. A. all depend C. is all depended
4. ---How are the team playing?
---They’re playing well, but one of them __________ hurt. A. got C. are
B. gets D. were B. all depends D. is all depending
5. According to the art dealer, the painting __________ to go for at least a million
dollars. A. is expected C. expected
B. expects D. is expecting
6. The policeman’s attention was suddently caught by a small box which
__________ placed under the Minister’s car. A. has been C. had been
B. was being D. would be
7. Hundreds of jobs __________ if the factory closes. A. lose C. are lost
B. will be lost D. will lose
8. Rainforests __________ and burned at such a speed that they will disappear from
the earth in the near future. A. cut C. are being cut
B. are cut D. had been cut
9. When he turned professional at the age of 11, Mike __________ to become a
world champion by his coach and parents. A. expect C. was expected
B. was expecting D. would be expected
10. ---Why does Lingling look so unhappy?
---She has __________ by her classmates.
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A. laughed C. been laughed
B. laughed at D. been laughed at
11. The moment the 28th Olympic Games __________ open, the whole world
cheered. A. delared C. have declared
B. have been declared D. were declared
12. This is Ted’s photo. We miss him a lot. He __________ trying to save a child in
the earthquake. A. killed C. was killed
B. is killed D. was killing
13. By the end of last year, another new gymnasium __________ in Beijing. A. would be completed C. has been completed
B. was being completed D. had been completed
14. ---George and Lucy got married last week. Did you go to their wedding?
---No, I __________. Did they have a big wedding? A. was not invited C. hadn’t been invited
B. have not been invited D. didn’t invite
15. He was __________ to be clever but dishonest. A. thought as C. think
B. thinking D. thought of
16. The hero’s story __________ differently in the newspaper. A. was reported C. reports
B. was reporting D. reported
Ⅲ. 用所给动词的适当时态和语态填空。
1. He asked his mother for some money, but __________(give) a good scolding（斥责）.
2. Because he was hurt, the thief had to throw away the things that __________(not belong) to him.
3. I __________ (catch) in the hard rain on my way to the school. 4. I’m afraid you must __________ (feel) terrible now.
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5. They said that the problem __________(discuss) soon. 6. A new bridge __________(build) over the river next year. 7. At that time the desk __________(make).
8. The hall __________(paint) at the moment, so it __________(not look) its best. 9. It is the third time that you __________ (be) late for school this week. 10.A quarrel __________(break) out between the two neighbours. Ⅳ. 单项选择。
1. Why don’t you put the meat in the fridge? It will __________ fresh for several days. A. be stayed C. be staying
B. stay D. have stayed
2. With more forest being destroyed, huge quantities of good earth __________ each year.
A. is washing away C. was washing away
B. is being washed away D. are being washed away
3. While you were in London that year, the London Bridge __________. A. was being repaired C. would be repaired
B. had been being repaired D. was repaired
4. The fifth generation of computers, with artificial intelligence, __________ and perfected now. A. developed C. are being developed
B. have developed D. will have been developed
5. I was shocked to hear that your house __________ into. A. was broken C. has been broken
B. broke
D. had been broken
6. More than a dozen students in that school __________ abroad to study medicine last year. A. sent C. had sent
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B. were sent D. had been sent
7. With the development of science and technology, people’s life __________ in the past few years. A. improved C. is improved
B. has improved D. had improved
8. ---Do you have any problems if you __________ this job? ---Well, I’m thinking about the salary… A. offer C. are offered
B. will offer D. will be offered
9. QQ, a popular net chatting tool, __________ an important part in our daily instant communication. A. had been playing C. is playing
B. have played D. will be playing
10. It is said that a new robot __________ by him in a few days. A. designed C. will be designed
B. has been designed D. will have been designed
11. We are late. I expect the film __________ by the time we get to the cinema. A. will have already started C. shall have already started
B. whould alreadey have started D. has already been started
12. She will stop showing off if no notice __________ of her. A. is taken C. will be taken
13. ---Have you moved into the new flat? ---Not yet. The room __________. A. has been painted C. paints
B. is painted D. is being painted B. takes D. has taken
14. My pictures __________ until next Friday. A. won’t develop C. don’t develop
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B. aren’t developed D. won’t be developed
15. Tim __________ since he lost his job three weeks ago. A. had been unemployed C. has been unemployed
B. was unemployed D. has unemployed
16. I’ll have to push the car to the side of the road because we __________ if we leave it here. A. would be fined C. will being fined
B. will be fined D. will have been fined
17. __________ two tickets for the new play at the Grand Theatre on Saturday. Shall we go and see it together? A. They have been given C. I am given
B. I have been given D. They have given to me
18. The goods __________ when we arrived at the airport. A. were just unloading C. had just unloaded
B. were just been unloading D. were just being unloaded
19. Most environment problems exist because adequate measures for preventing them __________ taken in the past. A. was not C. were not being
B. were not D. had not been
20. You ought to have put the milk in the refrigerator; now __________ sour（酸）. A. I smell C. it smells
B. it is smelt D. it is smelling
21. The young teacher has __________ competent（有能力的，可以胜任的）. A. been proved to be C. been proved
B. proved to be D. proved being
22. After synthetic（合成纤维）__________, engineers had a better choice of material. A. created C. has been created
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B. has created D. had been created
23. I think much attention __________ your pronunciation. A. must be paid to C. must pay to
B. ought to be paid D. should be paid
24. Since 1970, millions of enthusiasts（狂热者） __________ Vitamin C, which they believe can remedy（治疗）the common cold. A. have taken C. have been taking
B. have been taken D. have been taking
25. I don’t remember __________ the chance to try this method. A. having been given C. having given
B. to have been given D. to have given
26. We could ask someone to do the work privately without it __________. A. know C. being known
B. be known D. to be known
27. They would tell how the African __________ on a ship to an American port. A. was brought C. had been brought
B. could have been brought D. was to be brought
28. He does not possess a bicycle; the one he uses __________ to Peter. A. is belonged C. belongs
B. belonged D. is belonging
29. Negotiation __________ again with Moscow tomorrow; a great event will be discussed then. A. is to be opened C. is going to open
B. is on the point of （即将）opening D. opens
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