高中英语语法权威解析
目录:
第01章名词性从句
第02章“It”用法及其句型和固定搭配讲解
第03章高中英语语法中的省略现象
第04章主谓一致
第05章动词不定式
第06章倒装结构
第07章定语从句
第08章被动语态
第09章祈使句
第10章感叹句
第11章疑问句
第12章名词
第一章名词性从句
在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句(NounClauses)。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组,它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等,因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能,名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
一.主语从句
主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句,通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替,而本身放在句子末尾。
1.It作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较
It作形式主语代替主语从句,主要是为了平衡句子结构,主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调,无论强调的是什么成分,都可用连词that。被强调部分指人时也可用who/whom。例如:
a)Itisapitythatyoudidn’tgotoseethefilm.你不去看那场电影真可惜。
b)Itdoesn’tinterestmewhetheryousucceedornot.我对你成功与否不感兴趣。
c)Itisinthemorningthatthemurdertookplace.谋杀案是在早上发生的。(强调句型)d)ItisJohnthatbrokethewindow.是John打碎的窗户。(强调句型)
2.用it作形式主语的结构
(1)Itis+名词+从句
Itisafactthat…
Itisanhonorthat
Itiscommonknowledgethat
(2)Itis+形容词+从句
Itisnaturalthat…
Itisstrangethat…
(3)Itis+不及物动词+从句事实是……非常荣幸…是常识很自然…奇怪的是…
Itseemsthat…
Ithappenedthat…
Itappearsthat…
(4)It+过去分词+从句
Itisreportedthat…
Ithasbeenprovedthat…
Itissaidthat…似乎…碰巧…似乎…据报道…已证实…据说…
3.主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况:
(1)if引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。
(2)Itissaid/reported…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如:
正确表达:ItissaidthatPresidentJiangwillvisitourschoolnextweek.
错误表达:ThatPresidentJiangwillvisitourschoolnextweekissaid.
(3)Ithappens/occurs…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如:
正确表达:Itoccurredtohimthathefailedintheexamination.
错误表达:Thathefailedintheexaminationoccurredtohim.
(4)Itdoesn’tmatterhow/whether…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如:
正确表达:Itdoesn’tmatterwhetherheiswrongornot.
错误表达:Whetherheiswrongornotdoesn’tmatter.
(5)含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时,主语从句不可提前。例如:
正确表达:Isitlikelythatitwillrainintheevening?
错误表达:Isthatwillrainintheeveninglikely?
4.what与that在引导主语从句时的区别
what引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分,如主语.宾语.表语,而that则不然。例如:
a)Whatyousaidyesterdayisright.
b)Thatsheisstillaliveisaconsolation
二.宾语从句
宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句,通常放在主句谓语动词(及物动词)或介词之后。
1.作动词的宾语
(1)由that引导的宾语从句(that通常可以省略),例如:
Iheardthatbejoinedthearmy.我听说他参军了。
(2)由what,whether(if)引导的宾语从句,例如:
a)Shedidnotknowwhathadhappened.她不知道发生了什么。
b)Iwonderwhetheryoucanchangethisnoteforme.我想知道你是否能帮我改
一下笔记。
(3)动词+间接宾语+宾语从句。例如:
Shetoldmethatshewouldacceptmyinvitation.她对我说她会接受我的邀请。
2.作介词的宾语,例如:
Oursuccessdependsuponhowwellwecancooperatewithoneanother.
于我们之间的合作。
3.作形容词的宾语,例如:
Iamafraid(that)I’vemadeamistake.我们的成功取决我恐怕我已经犯了一个错误。
注意:that引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语:anxious,aware,certain,confident,convinced,determined,glad,proud,surprised,worried,sorry,thankful,ashamed,disappointed,annoyed,pleased,hurt,satisfied,content等。也可以将此类词后的that从句的看作原因状语从句。
4.it可以作为形式宾语
it不仅可以作为形式主语,还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that从句则放在句尾,特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。例如:
Wehearditthatshewouldgetmarriednextmonth.我听说她下个朋就会结婚了。
5.后边不能直接跟that从句的动词
这类动词有allow,refuse,let,like,cause,force,admire,condemn,celebrate,dislike,love,help,take,forgive等。这类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语,但不可以用that引导的宾语从句。如:
正确表达:Iadmiretheirwinningthematch.
错误表达:Iadmirethattheywonthematch.
6.不可用that从句作直接宾语的动词
有些动词不可用于“动词+间接宾语+that从句“结构中,常见的有envy,order,accuse,refuse,impress,forgive,blame,denounce,advise,congratulate等。例如:
正确表达:Heimpressedthemanagerasanhonestman.
错误表达:Heimpressedthemanagerthathewasanhonestman.
7.否定的转移
若主句谓语动词为think,consider,suppose,believe,expect,fancy,guess,imagine等,其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义,一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上,从句谓语用肯定式。例如:
Idon’tthinkthisdressfitsyouwell.我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。
三.表语从句
表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句,放在系动词之后,一般结构是“主语+连系动词+表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be,look,remain,seem等。引导表语从句的that常可省略。另外,常用的还有thereasonisthat…和Itisbecause等结构。例如:
1)Thequestioniswhetherwecanmakegoodpreparationinsuchashorttime.
2)Thisiswhywecan’tgetthesupportofthepeople.
3)Butthefactremainsthatwearebehindtheotherclasses.
4)Thereasonheislateforschoolisthathemissedtheearlybus.
四.同位语从句
同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。
1.同位语从句的功能
同位语从句对于名词进一步解释,说明名词的具体内容,一般由that引导,例如:
1)Theking’sdecisionthattheprisonerwouldbesetfreesurprisedallthepeople.
2)Theorderthatallthesoldiersshouldstaystillisgivenbythegeneral.
2.同位语在句子中的位置
同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面,而是被别的词隔开。例如:HegotthenewsfromMarythatthesportsmeetingwasputoff.
3.同位语从句与定语从句的区别
(1)定语从句中的that既代替先行词,同时以在从句中作某个成分(主语或宾语),而同位语从句中的that是连词,只起连接主句与从句的作用,不充当句中任何成分。
(2)定语从句是形容词性的,其功能是修饰先行词,对先行词加以限定,描述定的性质或特征;同位语从句是名词性的,其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如:
1)ThenewsthathetoldmeisthatTomwouldgoabroadnextyear.(他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。)(第一个that引导的从句是定语从句,that在从句中作宾语)
2)ThenewsthatTomwouldgoabroadistoldbyhim.(汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。)(同位语从句,that在句中不作任何成分)
高一英语名词性从句专项练习
1.____hedoeshasnothingtodowithme.
A.whateverB.NomatterwhatC.ThatD.If
2.Themanagercameoverandaskedthecustomerhow____
A.didthequarrelcameaboutB.thequarrelhadcomeabout
C.hadthequarrelcomeaboutD.hadthequarrelcomeabout
3.Energyis____makesthingwork..
A.whatB.somethingC.anythingD.that
4.Informationhasbeenputforward____moremiddleschoolgraduateswillbeadmittedintouniversities.
A.whileB.thatC.whenD.as
5.Thisis___theShenzhouVSpaceshiplanded.
A.thereB.inwhichC.whereD.when
6.Theyhavenoideaatall____.
A.wherehehasgoneB.wheredidhego
C.whichplacehashegoneD.wherehashegone
7.Thedoctordidalottoreducethepatient’sfear____hewoulddieofthedisease.
A.thatB.whichC.ofwhichD.ofthat
8.Theordercame___thesoldiers____thesmallvillagethenextmorning.
A.that;hadtoleaveB.that;shouldleave
C./;mustleaveD.when;shouldleave
9.___isnopossibility____Bobcanwinthefirstprizeinthematch.
A.There;thatB.It;thatC.there;whetherD.It;whether
10.Thequestioncameupatthemeeting_____wehadenoughmoneyforourresearch.
A.thatB.whichC.whetherD.if
11.Is_____hesaidreallytrue?
A.thatB.whatC.whyD.whether
12.____themeetingshouldlasttwodaysorthreedaysdoesn’tmatter.
A.ThatB.WhetherC.IfD.Where
13.Itworriedherabit_____herhairwasturninggray.
A.whileB.ifC.thatD.for
14.???_____morecountriescanusenaturalenergyinthefutureremainstobeseen.
A.WhetherB.ThisC.whoD.If
15.____hewillgotoworkinamountainvillagesurprisesallofus.
A.WhatB.ThatC.WhetherD.If
16.____youdon’tlikehimisnoneofmybusiness.
A.WhatB.ThatC.WhoD.How
17.____alltheinventionshaveincommonis____theyhavesucceeded.
A.What;whatB.That;thatC.what;thatD.That;what
18.____appearedtomethatheenjoyedthefoodverymuch.
A.WhatB.ItC.AllthatD.That
19.Itiswidely______thatsmokingcancausecancer.
A.believedB.thinkC.sayD.hoped
20.____causedtheaccidentisstillacompletemystery.
A.WhatB.ThatC.HowD.Where
Keys:
1—5ABABC6—10AABAC11—15BBCAB16—20BCBAA
第二章“It”用法及其句型和固定搭配讲解
"It"用法及其句型和固定搭配,是高中英语语法的重点、难点,又是近几年高考的热点,因此应给予充分的重视,现将it用法归纳如下:
一、It用作实词
表达以下概念:指代前文提到的事物,前文中的this,that;替代前文中的内容;指代一位
性别不明的小孩或未知的人;指代未指明但谈话双方都知道的那件事;指代时间、天气、气候、距离等自然现象……
二、It用作形式主语
替代作主语的从句、动词不定式、动名词,而把真正作主语的从句、动词不定式、动名词置于句尾。
It作形式主语的常见句型:
1.代作主语的动词不定式,其句型为
(1)Itbeadj.(forsb.)todosth.
此处adj.通常为描述事件的形容词:easy,difficult,hard,necessary,unnecessary,possible,impossible,likely,unlikely,right,wrong,important,unimportant,legal,illegal,well-mannered,ill-mannered,polite,impolite,clear,obvious,certain,suitable,proper,fit,useful,useless,dangerous…
例Itisillegal(forateenager)todriveacarwithoutalicense.
(2)Itbeadj.ofsb.todosth.
此处adj.通常为描述人的形容词:kind,unkind,nice,rude,cruel,considerate,thoughtful,thoughtless,careful,careless,silly,foolish,stupid,clever,wise,crazy.
例It'skindofyoutohelpmewiththeproblem.
(3)It替代作主语的动名词的常见句型
It'snogood/usedoing…
It's(well)worthdoing…
It's(well)worthone'swhiledoing/todo…
It's(well)worthwhiledoing/todo
例It'snousecryingoverspiltmilk.
2.It替代作主语的从句常见句型
(1)Itis+noun+从句
例Itisnosecretthatthepresidentwantstohaveasecondtermatoffice.
(2)Itisadj.+clause
It'ssurprisingthat…(should)………竟然……
It'sapity/shamethat…(should)………竟然……
例It'simportantthatyoushouldapologizetoherforyourrudeness.(=It'sofmuchimportancethatyoushouldapologizetoherforyourrudeness.)
(3)Itverbsb.+clause=Itisv-ing+clause
It+surprise/delight/interest/disappoint/worry/disturb/annoy/amaze
/bother/concern/frighten/please/angersb.that…
例Itworriedmethatshedrovesofast.(=Itwasworryingthatshedrovesofast.)
(4)Itverb(tosb.)that…=sb/sthverbtodo
(verb=appear,seem,comeabout,emerge,follow,chance,happen,occur,transpire,turnout,workout)
例It(so)happened/chancedthattheywereout.(=Theyhappened/chancedtobeout.)
(5)Itisv-edthat…=sb/sthistodo
(verb=say,report,think,believe,hope,expect,agree,accept,decide,determine,intend,plan,understand,know)
例Itissaidthatthecouplehavegottendivorced.(=Thecouplearesaidtohavegottendivorced.)
(6)Itisv-edthat…(should)…
(verb=demand,request,require,order,suggest,advise,recommend
例Itissuggestedthattheyshouldbeginwiththethirdquestion.
三、It作主语的句型
1.Ittakessb.…todo…(=sbtakes…todo…)某人用多长时间做某事
例Ittookthemenaweektomendourroof.(=Thementookaweektomendourroof.)
2.It's(just)(un)likesb.todo…(不)像某人做某事的风格
例Itwas(just)likehimtothinkofhelpingus.
3.It's(about/high)timethat…should/v-ed…是该做某事的时候了
例It's(about/high)timethatweshouldtakeaction.
4.It'sthex-thtime(that)…havev-ed…第几次做某事了
例It'sthethirdtimethathehasfailedthedrivingtest.
5.Itis/hasbeen…since…continuousv-ed(延续性动词)某动作已有多长时间不发生了
例It's10yearsthathelivedhere
6.Itwas(not)…before…过(不)了多长时间某动作发生了
例Itwasnotlongbeforetheyarrived.
四、It作形式宾语
用来替代作宾语的从句、动词不定式、动名词,而把真正作宾语的从句、动词不定式、动名词置于句尾。
It作形式宾语的常见句型:
1.verb+it+adj./noun(for/of)todo/clause(verb=think,believe,suppose,consider,feel,make,keep…)
例Ithinkithardforyoutodothetaskonyourown./Ithinkithardthatyou'lldothetaskonyourown.
2.verb+it+adj./noun(one's)doing(adj.=useless/worth/worthwhile)(noun=nouse/nogood/worthone'swhile/awasteoftime/money/energy/words)(verb=think,believe,suppose,consider,feel,make,keep…)
例I'llmakeitworthyourwhiletellingmeabouthissecret.
3.verb+it+important/unimportant/necessary/unnecessary/natural/essentialthat…(should)…
verb+it+ofmuch/great/no/littleimportancethat…(should)…
(verb=think,believe,suppose,consider,feel,make,keep…)
例Ithinkitimportantthatyou(should)attendtheconference.
4.verb+it+as+noun/adj.+clause(verb=accept,regard,take,see,view)
例Thelecturertakesitasencouragingwhensomanystudentsattendhislecture.
5.v.+it+prep.+that…
oweittosb.that…把…归功于…
leaveittosbthat…把…留给某人去做
takeitforgrantedthat…想当然
keepitinmindthat…
例Don'tbothertoarrangeanything.Justleaveittometosortout.
6.It用在不能直接跟宾语从句的动词后面,尤其是表示好恶的动词后,enjoy,like,love,dislike,resent,hate,don'tmind,befondof,feellike,seeto宾语从句紧跟it之后
例IhateityoucanswimsowellandIcan't.
7.It用在不能直接跟宾语从句的介词后面,宾语从句紧跟it之后(exceptthat例外)例I'mforitthatyouwillfollowtheiradvice.
五、强调句型
Itis/was+被强调部分+that(who)…强调句型用来强调谓语动词以外的任何句子成分。当被强调部分是人时也可以用who。
在使用强调句型时需注意以下几点:
1.请注意强调句型的特殊疑问句
例Whenwasitthathechangedhismindtotakepartintheactivity?
2.在强调原因状语从句时,只能强调由because所引导的从句
例Itwasbecausehewasillthathedidn'tcometoschoolyesterday.
3.在强调not…until结构时必须把not与until一起放到被强调的位置上例ItwasnotuntilshetookoffherdarkglassesthatIrealizedshewasmybrother.
4.注意强调句型与定语从句的区别
例Itwasat7o'clockthathecamehereyesterday.(强调句型)
Itwas7o'clockwhenhecamehereyesterday.(定语从句)
六、It常用的固定搭配
1.makeit
(1).在口语当中相当于succeed,表示:成功、做到、说定、赶上、及时到达例It'shardtomakeittothetopinshowbusiness.
(2).在口语中相当于fixthedatefor,表示“约定好时间”
例—Shallwemeetnextweek?
—OK.WejustmakeitnextSaturday.
2.asitis
(1).相当于infact,inreality表示“事实上,实际情况是……”
例Wehadplanedtofinishthetasktoday,butasitisweprobablywon'tfinishituntilnextweek.
(2).相当于方式状语从句,表示“照原样”
例Leavethetableasitis.
3.asitwere相当于asonemightsay,thatistosay,表示“也就是说,可以说,换句话说”
例Heis,asitwere,amodernSherlockHolmes.
4.ifitweren'tfor…/ifithadn'tbeenfor…用来引导虚拟语气,相当于without,orbutfor,表示“如果不是……,要不是……”
例Ifitweren'tforTom,Iwouldn'tbealivetoday.
5.that'sit
(1).相当于That'sall.That'ssomuch.表示“至此为止,没有别的了”
例Youcanhaveonemoresweet,andthat'sit.
(2).相当于That'sright.表示“对啦”
例—Iguessthekeytotheproblemisthechoice“A”
—That'sit.
6.catchit在口语中,相当于bepunished/scoldedfordoingsth.wrong.表示“因做错事而挨骂,受责备,受批评,受惩罚”
例We'llreallycatchitformourteacherifwe'relateforclassagain.
7.haveit
(1).相当于say,insist表示“说,主张,表明,硬说”
例Rumourhasitthattheyaregettingdivorced.
(2).相当于gettoknowsomething,表示“了解,知道,获悉”
例IhaditfromJohnthatshewasgoingabroad.
8.havewhatittakes在口语中,相当于bewellqualifiedfor,表示“具有成功的条件”例Youcantakeitfrommethatyourdaughterhaswhatittakestobeastar.
9.soitseems/appears.
10.Keepatit!(Don'tgiveup!)相当于goon,表示“继续做,不放弃”
例Myteacheraskedmetokeepatit.
11.Goit!(Goon!)拼命干,莽撞
12.Nowyouhavedoneit!(Youhavedonesth.wrong.)
13.Nowyou'llcatchit!(You'llbepunished.)
14.Asithappened,…在口语中,相当于it'sapitythat…,表示“真不凑巧,真遗憾”例Asithappened,theywereout.
15.Asitturnedout,…在口语中,相当于itwasfoundtobeintheend,表示“最后被证明是”
例Asitturnedout,hisstatementwasfalse.
16.Suchasitis(theyare)在口语中,相当于althoughitmaynotbeworthmuch,表示“虽然没有多大价值”
例Youcanborrowmyexamnotebook,suchasitis.
17.Takeit/thingseasy.相当于Don'tworryordon'thurry.用来劝告别人,表示“不要慌,别担心,存住气”
例Takeiteasy!Hewilldoitwell.
18.Takeitfromme.在口语中,相当于believemewhatIsay.表示“请相信我的话,我敢担保”
例Youcantakeitfrommethathewillmakeitthistime.
19.Forwhatitisworth…在口语中,相当于althoughI'mnotsureit'sofvalue,表示“不管其价值如何”
例HereisthearticleIpromiseyou,forwhatit'sworth.
20.Worthit在口语中,相当于useful,表示“有好处,值得做”
例Don'thesitateaboutit!It'sworthit.
21.Believeitornot.表示“信不信由你”
例Believeitornot,TomisgettingmarriedtoMarynextSunday.
22.Takeitorleaveit.v.要么接受要么放弃
例Thatismylastoffer.Youcantakeitorleaveit.
23.Italldepends/thatalldepends在口语中,相当于ithasn'tbeendecidedyet,表示“那得看情况,还没有定下来”
例—Areyougoingtothecountrysideforholiday?
—It/Thatalldepends.
24.It'suptosb.在口语中,相当于it'sdecidedbysb.表示“由……决定,由……负责,取决于……”
例—Shallwegooutfordinner?
—It'suptoyou.
“It”用法及其句型和固定搭配专练
1.WasitduringtheSecondWorldWar_____hedied?
A.thatB.whileC.inwhichD.then(88)
2.Is____necessarytocompletethedesignbeforeNationalDay?
A.thisB.thatC.itD.he(89)
3.Idon'tthink____possibletomasteraforeignlanguagewithoutmuchmemorywork.
A.thisB.thatC.itsD.it(91)
4.Does______matterifhecan'tfinishthejobontime?
A.thisB.thatC.heD.it(91)
5.Itwasnot_____shetookoffherglasses_____Irealizedshewasafamousfilmstar.
A.when,thatB.until,thatC.until,thatD.when,then(92)
6.Iwasdisappointedwiththefilm.Ihadexpected______tobemuchbetter.
A.thatB.thisC.oneD.it(93)
7.Itwasnotuntil1920______regularradiobroadcastsbegan.
A.whileB.whichC.thatD.since(94)
8.______isafactthatEnglishisbeingacceptedasaninternationallanguage.
A.ThereB.ThisC.ThatD.It(95)
9.ItwasonlywhenIrereadthispoemsrecently_____Ibegantoappreciatetheirbeauty.
A.untilB.thatC.thenD.so(97)
10.Ihate_____whenpeopletalkwiththeirmouthsfull.
A.itB.thatC.theseD.them(98)
11.Itistheabilitytodothejob_____mattersnotwhereyoucomefromorwhatyouare.
A.oneB.thatC.whatD.it(2000)
12.Ilike___intheautumnwhentheweatherisclearandbright.(2004)
A.thisB.thatC.itD.one
13.—Doyoulike___here?
—Oh,yes.Theair,theweather,thewayoflife.Everythingissonice.(全国卷)
A.thisB.TheseC.ThatD.it
14.Weneededanewcupboardforthekitchen.SoPetermade___fromsomewood.(全国卷)
A.itB.OneC.HimselfD.another
15.TheforeignMinistersaid,"_____ourhopethatthetwosideswillworktowardspeace."(2004北京)
A.ThisisB.ThereisC.ThatisD.Itis
16._____isreportedinthenewspaper,talksbetweenthetwocountriesaremakingprogress.(2004北京)
A.ItB.AsC.ThatD.What
17.—Howoftendoyoueatout?(2004,天津)
—________,butusuallyonceaweek.
A.HavenoideaB.ItdependsC.AsusualD.Generallyspeaking
18.Wewantedtogethomebeforedark,butitdidn'tquite_____asplaned.(2004浙江卷)
A.makeoutB.turnoutC.goonD.comeup
19.—Whatdoyouwanttodonext?Wehavehalfanhouruntilthebasketballgame.
—________.Whateveryouwanttodoisfinewithme.
A.ItjustdependsB.It'suptoyouC.Allright
20.Itwas____backhomeaftertheexperiment.
A.notuntilmidnightdidhego
B.untilmidnightthathedidn'tgo
C.notuntilmidnightthathewent
D.untilmidnightwhenhedidn'tgo
KEYS:
1-5ACDDB6-10DCDBA11-15ACDBD16-20BBBBCD.Gladtohearthat
第三章高中英语语法中的省略现象
在英语语言中,为了使语言简洁明了,重点突出或上下文紧密相连,可以省去某些句子成分而保持句子愿意不变,这种语言现象称之为省略。现就英语中的种种省略现象分析如下:
一、并列复合句中的省略
在并列句中后边的分句可以省略与前边分句中相同的成分。如:
a)Theboypickedupacoinintheroadand(theboy)handedittoapoliceman.这个男孩在马路上拾起一枚硬币并把他交给了警察。
b)Youradvicemademehappybut(youradvicemade)Tomangry.你的建议使我高兴但使汤姆生气。
c)TommusthavebeenplayingbasketballandMary(musthavebeen)doingherhomework.汤姆肯定一直在打篮球,玛丽一直在写作业。
d)GaoXiuminwasbornin1959andFuBiao(wasborn)in1963.高秀敏出生于1959年,傅彪出生于1963年。
二、主从复合句中的省略
1.状语从句中的省略
一般说来省略现象多出现在下列五种状语从句中:由when,while,as,before,after,till,until,once等引导的时间状语从句;由whether,if,unless等引导的条件状语从句;由though,although,evenif,whatever等引导的让步状语从句;由as,than等引导的比较状语从句;由as,asif,asthough等引导的方式状语从句。上述状语从句在省略时应遵循下面原则:
1)当状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致时,可以省略状语从句的主语和系动词be,这时从句中可出现如下结构:(1)连词(as,asif,once)+名词;(2)连词(though,whether,when)+形容词;(3)连词(whether,asif,while)+介词短语;(4)连词(when,while,though)+现在分词;(5)连词(when,if,evenif,unless,once,until,than,as)+过去分词;(6)连词(asif,asthough)+不定式。如:
a)Once(hewas)aworker,PangLongnowbecomesafamoussinger.庞龙曾经是个工人,现在
变成一位著名的歌手。
b)Workhardwhen(youare)young,oryou'llregret.趁年轻要努力学习,要不然你会后悔的。c)Helookedeverywhereasif(hewas)insearchofsomething.他到处看似乎在找什么东西。d)While(hewas)holdingtalkswithPresidentHuJintao,USPresidentGeorgeW.BushthankedChinaforitsimportantroleintheSix-PartyTalks.美国总统布什在与胡锦涛主席会谈时,感谢中国在六方会谈中起的重要作用。
e)Theexhibitionismoreinterestingthan(itwas)expected.这次展览比被预料的有趣的多。f)OlympicgoldmedallisthurdlerLiuXiangopenedhislipsasif(hewere)tospeak。奥林匹克金牌获得者跨栏运动员刘翔张开嘴好像要说什么。
注意:
1)当从句的主语和主句的宾语一致时,间或也有这样的省略,如:
Herfathertoldhertobecarefulwhen(shewas)crossingthestreet.当她过马路时父亲告诉她要当心。
2)当从句的主语是it,谓语动词中又含有系动词be时,可以把it和系动词be一起省略。此时构成连词(if,unless,when,whenever)+形容词的结构。如:
Unless(itis)necessary,you'dbetternotrefertothedictionary.如果没有必要,你最好不要查字典。
2.定语从句中的省略
1)一般说来,在限制性定语从句中,作宾语的关系代词that,which,whom可以省略;如:Isthisreason(that)heexplainedatthemeetingforhiscarelessnessinhiswork?这就是他在会上解释他工作中粗心的原因吗?(2002上海春季)
而在非限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词which,whom不可以省略。试比较:Tom(whom)yousawyesterdayfellill.(whom可以省)你昨天见到的汤姆病倒了。
Tom,whomyousawyesterday,fellill.(whom不可以省)汤姆病倒了,你昨天见到他了。
2)在口语和非正式用语中,关系副词when,where,和why经常用that来代替,甚至还可省略。如:
a)Thisisthefirsttime(when/that)hehadtroublewiththeboss.这是他第一次麻烦老板。
b)Hewantstofindagoodplace(where/that)wecanhaveapicnicduringthe“goldenweek”holiday.他想找一个能在黄金周期间野餐的好地方。
c)Couldyoutellusthereason(why/that)hewassounhappy?你能告诉我们他为什么如此不高兴吗?
3)当先行词为表示方式的theway时,从句不能用how来引导,应该用that或inwhich,或将它们全部省略。如:
Idon'tliketheway(that/inwhich)youlaughather.我不喜欢你嘲笑他的行为。
3.宾语从句中的省略
1)在及物动词后面所接的宾语从句中,连词that一般可以省略;但如果及物动词后面是由that引导的两个或两个以上的并列的宾语从句,那么只有第一个that可以省略。如:
a)Ithink(that)thereformoftherenminbi'sexchangerateisnecessary.我认为人民币兑换率的改革是必要的。
b)Hesaid(that)theAnti-secessionlawhadbeenpassedandthatPresidentHuJintaohadsignedapresidentialorder他说《反分裂国家法》已被通过,而且胡锦涛主席已签署了主席令。
2)由which,when,where,how,和why引导的宾语从句,可以全部或部分省略。如:a)IknowthatNBAstarYaoMingwillcometoourcitybutIdon’tknowwhen(hewillcometo
ourcity).我知道NBA明星要到我们城市来但我不知道他什么时候来。
b)Hewantstomoveabroadbuthisparentswonderswhy(hewantstomoveabroad)他想搬迁到国外但他的父母想知道为什么。
4.在与suggest,request,order,advise等词相关的名词性从句中,须用虚拟语气形式“should+动词原形”,should可以省略。如:
Chirac,PresidentoftheRepublicofFrancesuggestedthattheChina-FranceCultureYear(should)lastlonginvariousforms.法国总统希拉克建议中法文化年以各种各样的形式长期持续。
5.主句省略多用于句首。如:
(Itisa)PitythatIdidn’tgotoMary'sbirthdaypartyyesterday.很遗憾,我昨天没有去参加玛丽的生日聚会。
6.在答语中,主句可全部省略。如:
—WhywereyouabsentfromschoollastFriday?—(Iwasabsentfromschool)Becausemymotherwasill.—上周五你为什么没有上学?—因为我妈妈病了。
三、简单句中的省略
1.省略主语
1)祈使句中的主语通常被省略如:
(You)Openthedoor,please.请开一下门。
2)其它省略主语多限于现成的说法如:
a)(I)Thankyouforyourhelp谢谢你的帮助。
b)(It)Doesn’tmatter.没关系。
2.省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分如:
a)(Thereis)Nosmoking.禁止抽烟
b)(Isthere)anythingelse?还有其他事吗?
c)(Youcome)Thiswayplease.请这边走。
d)(Willyou)Haveasmoke?抽烟吗?
3.省略宾语如:
—DoyouknowMr.Li?你认识李先生吗?—Idon’tknow(him.)我不认识他
4.省略表语如:
—Areyouthirsty?你30岁了吗?Yes,Iam(thirsty).是的,我是。
5.同时省略几个成分如:
a)—Areyoufeelingbetternow?你觉得好些了吗?—(Iamfeeling)Muchbetter(now)好多了。
b)(Iwish)Goodluck(toyou).祝你好运/祝你顺利。
四、动词不定式省略,只保留to的场合
1.不定式作某些动词的宾语时,这些动词常见的有:love,like,care,wish,hope,expect,prefer,refuse,mean,try,oblige,advise,persuade,agree,want,afford,forget,remember,try,manage等。如:
a)—Youshouldhavethankedherbeforeyouleft.—Imeantto,butwhenIwasleavingIcouldn’tfindheranywhere.—你本该在离开前谢谢她。—我本打算这么做,但当我就要离开
的时候我却找不到她了。(2000上海春)
b)Youcandoitthiswayifyouliketo.如果你想做,你可以这么做。
2.不定式作某些动词的宾语补足语或主语补足语时,这些动词常见的有:ask,tell,advise,force,persuade,wish,allow,permit,forbid,expect,order,warn等。如:
a)Theboywantedtoridehisbicycleinthestreet,buthismothertoldhimnotto.男孩想在街上骑他的自行车,但他母亲不让。(NMET1995)
b)Shewantstocomebutherparentswon’tallowherto(come).她想来,可是她父母不让。
3.不定式在句中作某些形容词的状语时,常见的形容词有:happy,glad,eager,anxious,willing,ready等。如:
—Iwillbeawayonabusinesstrip.Couldyoumindlookingaftermycat?—Notatall.Iwouldbehappyto(lookafteryourcat).—我要出差,你能帮我照顾一下我的猫吗?—没关系,我很愿意。
4.不定式作某些复合谓语时,常见结构如:beableto,begoingto,haveto,oughtto,usedto等。如:
Hedoesn’tlikefishbutheusedto他现在不喜欢吃鱼,但过去喜欢。
五、动词不定式to的省略
1.主语部分有todo,系动词is或was时,作表语的不定式通常省去to。如:Theonlythingyouhavetodoispressthebutton.你必须做的惟一事情是按按钮。
2.作介词but,expect,besides的宾语,前面又有实意动词do时,不定式通常省去to.如:HesaidthatChenShuibianhadnothingtodoexceptpushapro-“independence”timetable.他说陈水扁除了推进支持“独立”的时间表外,什么也没有做。
3.主语部分暗含todo,表语中的不定式通常省去to。如:
AllIwant(todo)isgotoschoolandstudyhard.我想要(做)的就是上学,努力学习。
4.当两个或多个不定式并列时,其后的不定式符号可以省略,但有对比关系时不可省略。如:
Itiseasiertosaythantodo.说起来容易,做起来难。
5.在wouldrather…than…等结构中,不定式符号常常要省略.如:
Iwouldratherstayathomethangotoseeafilm.我宁愿呆在家也不愿去看电影。
6.在see,watch,notice,hear,listento,lookat,feel,have,make,let,observe等词后作宾语补足语时省略不定式符号to;why(not)do结构中,不定式不带to。如:
a)Isawherentertheroom.我看见她进入了房间
b)Whynotjoinus?为什么不加入到我们的行列里来呢?
六.其他一些省略结构
1.名词所有格修饰的名词,若表示住宅、店铺、教堂或上下文已暗示或明确指出过的事物时,常常可以省略。如:
WespenttheweekendattheMary's.我们在玛丽家过的周末。
2.What和how引导的感叹句中,常可省略主语it和be动词如:
a)Whatawonderfulvictory(itis)forTom!这对Tom来说是个多么大的胜利呀!
b)Howbeautiful(itis)tobetreatedlikeanormalchild.被当作一个正常孩子对待对他而言是多么美妙的一件事呀。
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