时态
▼一般说来，发生在现在的事情用现在的时态进行描述；发生在过去的事情就用过去的时态进行描述；将要发生的事情用将来的时态进行描述。英语中的时态共计16种，但最常用的有12种。（初中接触了6种）
回顾初中所学的六种时态：
①一般现在时
A. 一般现在时是描述现在或经常性的性质、动作或状态的时态
表示可客观真理、客观存在及自然现象
→Knowledge is power. 知识就是力量
→Time and tide wait for no man. 岁月不等人。
B. 表示习惯性、经常性的动作，或经常存在的状态
→Where do you live and where do you work? 你住在什么地方？在哪里工作？
→What does your brother do? 你哥哥是干什么的？
C. 用于时间、条件、方式、让步状语从句中，表示将要哦发生的动作
→If you speak slowly,I can understand; if you speak fast, I can’t. 你说慢了我听的懂；说快了我听不懂。 →If it doesn’t rain, we’ll go on a picnic as planned. 如果不下雨，我们将按计划去野餐。
D. 表示按时间表拟定的或安排好的事情或要发生的动作
常用于这种情况的动词有come, go, run, start, begin, return, leave, take等。句中常有表示将来时间的状语 →The final exam takes place next week. 期末考试下周举行。
E. 表示现在正在发生的动作或存在的状态。
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→Here comes the bus. 公共汽车来了。
→There goes the bell. 铃响了。
2）现在进行时
A. 表示说话时正在进行尚未完成的动作或状态
这种情况下常与now, at this moment, these days, at present等时间状语连用
→The telephone is ringing, would you answer it, please? 电话在响，拟能否接一下？
→What are you doing now, Bob? Grandma is asking to see you. 鲍勃，你在干什么？奶奶要见你。
B. 表示现阶段正在进行的动作，虽然此时此刻动作不一定正在进行
→George is working on a new book about stories in schools.乔治在写一本关于校园故事的新书。
→I am helping my dad on the farm this summer vacation.这个暑假我在农场上帮爸爸。
C. 表示此时此刻某一动作不断地重复
→The boy is jumping with great joy at the sight of this mother.一看到妈妈，小男孩就高兴地不停地跳。 →Someone is knocking at the door. It might be the postman.有人在敲门，可能是邮递员。
D. 用于时间或条件状语从句中
在时间、条件等状语从句中代替将来进行时
→If I am sleeping when he comes, wake me up, please.他来时如果我还在睡觉，请叫醒我。
E. 现在进行时表即将
有些瞬时动词用于进行时态，往往表示“即将??”，常与表示将来时间的状语连用。这类动词有come, go, leave, start, begin, stop, arrive, stay, return, take等
→Are you staying in America for a week? 你将在美国呆一周吗？
→I am taking my daughter to the Central Park this Sunday.这个周六我将带女儿去中央公园。
3）一般过去时
A. 表示过去完成的事或存在的状态
→Tom suddenly fell ill yesterday and had to stay home for another day.
昨天汤姆突然病了，只好再在家里呆一天。
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→She looked very well when I last saw her.上次我见到她的时候，她看上去气色很好。
●常与一般过去时连用的时间状语有：last year/yesterday/just now/last night/in 2002/at that time/at that moment/the other day/a few days ago/in the past/then/the day before yesterday
B. 表示过去经常、反复发生的动作
表示过去经常或反复发生的动作，常与always, usually, often, sometimes, never等时间状语连用 →I always got up too late, and never had enough time for breakfast.
我总是起床很晚，从来没有足够的时间吃早饭。
C. since后面的从句一般用一般过去时
→You haven’t changed much since we last met.自从上次我们见面以来，你变化不大。
→It’s three years since he went abroad.他出国已经三年了。
4）过去进行时
A. 表示在过去某一时间内正在进行的动作
→When he called me, I was having dinner.他给我打电话时，我在吃饭。
→I was washing the dishes while mother was clearing away the table.我在洗盘子，妈妈在收拾桌子。
●常与过去进行时连用的时间状语有：at that time/at five yesterday/then/this time yesterday/the whole morning/last night
B. 表示在过去某一时间内进行的动作
→They were expecting you yesterday, but you didn’t turn up.他们昨天一直在等你，可你没来。
→We were working from two or four yesterday afternoon.昨天下午我们从两点到四点一直在工作。
C. 表示一个动作发生时另一个动作正在进行
→When you phoned yesterday, I was playing computer chess.你昨天打电话时，我正在电脑上下棋。
D. 表示过去将要发生的动作
表示从过去某一时间的角度看将要发生的动作，这种用法常见于come/go/start/leave/stay/arrive等动词 第 3 页 共 3 页
→He told me he was leaving for Shanghai tomorrow.他告诉我他明天将要去上海。
5）一般将来时
A. 一般将来时的基本形式
“will/shall+动词原形”表示一个将要发生的动作或状态。在书面语中，主语是I或we时，常用shall,也可用will.在口语中，will可用于各种人称，即will的用法较广，而shall的用法有被will替代的趋势 →It’ll soon be Christmas and the New Year.很快就到圣诞节和新年了。
→I will/shall see you tomorrow about the new plan.明天我去找你谈谈新计划的事。
●常与一般将来时连用的时间状语有：next time/tomorrow/tomorrow evening/the day after tomorrow/this afternoon/next year/before long/in the future/soon
▼一般将来时的其它表达方式
①be going to表示将来
Be going to结构在口语中常用来表示已经决定或安排要做的事，必然或很可能发生的事，也可用来表示自然现象
→I’m going to gather some materials about Picasso.我打算收集一些有关毕加索的材料。
②be doing表示将来
常用于这种结构的主要是一些短暂性动词，如go/come/leave/start/begin等。这种用法往往指安排好要做的事情，很少变更
→I’m doing my experiment tomorrow.明天我要做实验。
→She’s leaving early tomorrow morning.明天她很早就出发。
③be to do表示将来
这种结构表示安计划中约定的或按职责、义务、要求必须去做的事或即将发生的动作
→The American President is to visit China next week.美国总统下周来访问中国。
→The meeting is to take place early tomorrow.会议明天一早召开。
④be about to do表示将来
这一结构用于表示客观上马上就要发生的事，一般不与具体的时间状语连用
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→Don’t go out, we’re about to have dinner.别出去了，我们很快就吃饭了。
→The new school year is about to begin.新学年开学在即。
⑤一般现在时表将来
除了条件句和时间状语从句，主句中有时也可用一般现在时表将来，表示按计划安排将要发生的事，这种安排不可更改或不能随意变动
→The sports meeting takes place on October 18.运动会将于十月十八日举行。
→The train leaves at eight every morning from this station.火车每头早晨八点从本站出发。
6）现在完成时
A. 强调过去的行为对现在的影像
表示说话之前已经完成的动作，而且这个动作的结果对现在仍有影像。常与already/yet/now/just/by this time/lately/recently，等笼统的表示过去的时间状语连用
→He has already phoned me about the theft.他已经给我来电话说过有关偷窃的事了。
→The train hasn’t gone yet.火车还没走呢。
B. 表示过去的某一动作一直持续到现在
表示过去已经开始，持续到现在，而且还可能继续下去的动作或状态
→I have traveled to most of the cities in China since five years ago.五年来我已游遍了中国的大多数城市。 →How have you been recently with your new work?你的新工作最近怎么样？
C. 表示经历过的事情
表示过去的一种经历，这种经历不可能被埋没或否定，常与often/never/ever/only/twice/before/since等时间状语连用
→I have only been to the Great Wall once.我仅去过长城一次。
→He has lived here since he came here.自从他来这里以来就住在这里了。
*完成时中要注意动词的延续和非延续
动词按其动作发生的方式、动作发生过程的长短，可分为延续性动词和非延续性动词
A. 延续性动词表示能够延续的动作。如：work, stand, know, walk, keep, have, wait, read, sleep, live, stay 等。延续性动词可以与表示时间段的状语连用。表示时间段的短语：for+时间；since从句
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→I have lived here for ten years.我在这里生活了10年了。
→She slept eight hours yesterday. 她昨天睡了8个小时。
B. 非延续性动词也称终止性动词、瞬间动词
表示不能延续的动作，这种动作发生后立即结束。如：open, die, close, begin, finish, borrow, lend, buy等。非延续性动词在肯定句中与表示时间点的状语连用，如：two years ago; at 5 o’clock.但不能和表示时间状语连用。
如：He died ten years ago. 不能说：He died for ten years.
否定的终止性动词可以与表示时间段的时间状语连用。如：
→I haven’t left here for 3 years.
→I haven’t heard from him for 3 weeks.
【牛刀小试】写出下列动词的延续性动词形式
1. leave→ be away 2. borrow → keep
3. buy→ have 4. begin/start→ be on
5. die→ be dead 6. finish→be over
7. Fall ill→ be ill 8. get up→ be up
9. become→ be 10. come back→ be back
11. Fall asleep→ be asleep12. get to/arrive/reach→ be (in)
13. leave→be away from 14. get to know→ know
15. Put on→wear 16. catch a cold→ have a cold
17. Get married→ be married 18. join→be in +机构→be a member of
●常与现在完成时连用的时间状语：already/yet/now/just/today/this week/recently/lately/often/never/ever/only twice
【随即随练】语法填空(最多可填三个单词)
1. 2. 3. 4. -Sorry,I forget to post the letter for you.
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5. 6. 7. They are playing (play) table tennis now.
8. He must have sensed that I was looking（look）at him. He suddenly glanced at me and said quietly, “Why are you starting at me like that?”
9. We were having (have) a meeting from 2 to 4 yesterday afternoon.
10. 11. country to close.
12.
7）现在完成进行时
A. 现在完成进行时表示动作从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在或离现在不远的时间，其动作是否继续下去，则由上下文而定
●这种时态多用持续性动词，如live/learn/lie/stay/wait/sit/stand/rest/study等，常和all the time, this week, this month, all night, all the morning等状语以及since和for所引导的时间状语连用。
→What have you been doing all the time?这半天你一直在干什么？（动作可能继续下去）
→I have been fixing the fridge all the morning.我一上午都在修理冰箱。（动作可能会继续下去） →Have you been working long for me?你等我很久了吗？（动作不再继续）
B. 现在完成时表示重复动作
有时现在完成进行时所表示的动作并不是一直在不停地进行，而是在断断续续地重复
→You’ve been saying you can succeed for five years.五年来你一直在说你能成功。
→I have been visiting some cities of China this month.这个月我一直在访问中国的几个城市.
C. 现在完成进行时表示刚才或近来发生的动作，一般不再继续。此时一般通过上下文的语境进行判断 →My hands are dirty, I’ve been painting the door.我的手很脏，我一直在漆门。
→What have you been eating to get as fat as this?你都吃什么啦，怎么这么胖？
D. 现在完成进行时表示感情色彩
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现在完成进行时带有强烈的感情色彩
→I have been wanting to meet you for a long time.和你见面是我盼望已久的事了。
→Too much has been happening today. 今天真是一个多事的日子。
8）过去将来时
A. 过去将来时表示从过去某一时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。这种时态常用于宾语从句或间接引语中
→Last week he promised that he would come, but he hasn’t arrived until now.上周他答应来的，可现在还没到。 →He said that he would wait for me at the gate.他说他将在大门口等我。
B. 过去将来时的其它表达方式与一般将来时一样，只是有关动词要改为过去时的形式
→You were going to give me your address but you didn’t.你准备给我你的地址的，可你当时没给我。 →Mr Green was leaving for Hawaii a few hours later.格林先生几个小时后就要去夏威夷。
9）过去完成时
过去完成时主要用来指过去某一特定时间以前已完成的行为
A. 描述过去某一时间之前已完成的事情
表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已完成的动作，即“过去的过去”。这个过去的时刻常用by,before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作或上下文来表示
→Jane had left before I arrived.我到之前简就走了。
→I had just finished half of the work by yesterday.到昨天为止我刚完成了一半任务。
●常与过去完成时连用的时间状语：by the end of last week/since he left/by that time/before that year/long before/before I arrived/when I arrived
B. 用来表示未曾实现的愿望或打算
动词hope/wish/plan/want/mean/intend/attempt/thought等表示“打算、计划、希望、试图、认为”等的动词用于过去完成时表示“本打算（本计划、本希望、本认为）做而未做”
→I had hoped to be back last night, but I didn’t catch the train.我本希望昨晚回来的，但没赶上火车。 →I had intended to come to the party, but I was busy.我本打算去参加宴会的，可太忙了。
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10）将来完成时
A. 现在将来完成时的用法
现在将来完成时主要用于在将来某点时间将会完成的动作，并常对将来的某一时间产生影响。往往与表示将来的时间状语连用
→We shall have finished the project by the end of this year.我们将在今年年底完成这项任务。
→They will have moved to the new house when it has been painted.房子粉刷好后，他们就会搬进新家。
B. 过去将来完成时的用法
过去将来完成时主要用于以过去某点时间未参照，表达到过去某一时刻将会完成的事情
→My father said he would have come back by the end of next week.父亲说他下个周就会回来的。
→I thought he would have finished his homework before tomorrow.我原以为他会在明天之前完成作业的。
【活学活用】语法填空
1. （visit）the Great Wall the next day.
2. Jane can’t attend the meeting at 3 o’clock this afternoon because she time.
3. I’m tired out. I ’t seem to have finished anything.
4. ’t know whether she has finished it.
5. 6. 7. I found the lecture hard to follow because it 8. 9. 10.
▼几种常用动词时态的区别
1）一般现在时和现在玩完成进行时的区别
一般现在时表示目前经常或习惯性的动作，表示客观事实、主语目前的特征、姿态和能力等；现在完成进行时则表示说话时正在进行的动作，或现阶段正在进行而说话时不一定在进行的动作
①一般现在时表示“存在状况”时，常用于表示状态的动词，如be/keep/remain/stay等，而这些动词一般 第 9 页 共 9 页
→I have learned Japanese.我学过日语。（强调我学过，有能力，能胜任这份工作，并不强调过去的行为） →I have been to America twice.我去过美国两次。（说明体验，强调对现在的影响，我对美国了解）
▼一般过去时和过去进行时的用法区别
①强调点不同
一般过去时侧重于说明发生某动作的事实；过去进行时则侧重于强调某动作的持续过程或长度 →It rained cats and dogs last night.昨晚下了倾盆大雨。（强调下过雨，并不强调持续多长时间） →It was raining cats and dogs last night.昨晚整整一夜都在下倾盆大雨。（强调没停，一直持续）
②动作的完成情况不同
一般过去时表示动作已完成，而过去进行时表示动作未完成
→Alice read a love story last night.爱丽丝昨晚读了一本爱情小说。
→Alice was reading a love story at 8 last night.昨晚8点爱丽丝正在读一本爱情小说。
③持续情况不同
一般过去时可表示时断时续的动作，而过去进行时只能表示持续、不间断的动作
→I sometimes walked to the office to avoid the heavy traffic.为了避开拥挤的交通，我过去有时走着去上班。 →He was working from 4 o’clock until suppertime.他从4点到晚饭时间一直在工作。
④所起的作用不同
一般过去时和过去进行时在句中可同时出现，前者表示短暂的重要的动作，后者为前者提供背景，起铺垫作用
→When you phoned I was chatting with my foreign teacher.你打来电话时，我正在和我的外教聊天。
⑤时间状语从句中的时态
如果用时间从句表示过去的特定时间，其中的谓语动词表示的时间是短暂的，可用一般过去时；如果动作时间持续较长可用过去进行时
→What were you doing when the fire burst out from the second floor?二楼起火时你在干什么？
→I was writing while/when/as she was reading. 我在写字，她在读书。
▼现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别
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①完成性不同
现在完成时的“已完成”用法强调动作的完成，完成进行时表示未完成
→I have read David Copperfield. 我读过《大卫·科波菲尔》。
→I have been reading David Copperfield. 我一直在读《大卫·科波菲尔》。
②动作的持久性不同
现在完成时表示动作过程的持续性，而完成进行时更强调动作延续时间的长久性
→I have been staying in Lisbon for six weeks.我在里斯本呆了六周了。
→I have stayed in Lisbon for six weeks.我在里斯本呆了六周。
③动作的频繁性不同
现在完成时同某些频度副词或数字连用时，表示反复的但可能有间断的动作，现在完成进行时可以表示反复的不间断的动作，不能同表示具体次数和具体数字的词并用
→I’ve posted a dozen postcards, but received none. 我已寄出一打贺卡了，可一张别人的也没收到。 →I’ve been posting postcards since early December. 自十二月初开始，我一直都在忙着寄贺卡。
④表达的感情色彩不同
现在完成时感情色彩不浓，而现在完成进行时带有较为强烈的感情色彩
→You’ve been talking too much and doing too little.一直以来你说得太多而做得太少。
→Someone has been using my pen.有人一直在用我的钢笔。
⑤状态动词的未完成性不同
表示状态动词的“未完成”用法，用现在完成时，不宜用现在完成进行时，但当状态动词用作动作动词时，也可用于现在完成进行时
→How long have you known each other?你们认识多久了？
→I’ve been having/I’ve had a wonderful time joining the discussion about music with Dao Lang.
和刀郎一起讨论音乐我感到很愉快。
⑥其它用法
现代英语中，像lie/rest/wait/stay/sleep等谓语动词更倾向于用现在完成进行时
→I’ve been waiting for you for a long time. 我已等你很长时间了。
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【随堂练习】
一、单项选择
1. I all the cooking for my family, but recently I’ve been too busy to do it.
A.will do B.do C.am doing D.had done
2. Iplaying basketball, but I haven’t played for years.
A.have liked B.Liked C.like D.had liked
3. George said that he would come to school to see me the next day, but he .
A.wouldn’t B.didn’t C.hasn’t D.hadn’t
4. The discovery of gold in Australia led thousands to believe that a fortune .
A.is made B.would made C.was to be made D.had made
5. Excuse me, I blocking your away.
A.didn’t realizeB.don’t realize C.haven’t realize D.wasn’t realize
6. Look at these black clouds—there a storm.
A.is to be B.is going to be C.is about to be D.be
7. In a room above the store, where a party , some workers were busy setting the table.
A.was to be held B.has been held
C.will be held D.is being held
8. Albert Einstein was born in 1879. As a child, few people guessed that he a famous scientist whose theories would change the world.
A.has been B.had been C.was going to be D.was
9. Since I won the big prize, my telephone hasn’t stopped ringing. People to ask how I am going to spend the money.
A.phone B.will phone C.were phone D.are phoning
10. I called Hannah many times yesterday evening, but I couldn’t get through. Her brother on the phone all the time.
A.was talking B.has been talking C.has talked D.talked
11. -Could I use your car tomorrow morning?
-Sure. I report at home.
A.will be writing B.will have written
C.have written D. have been writing
12. I know a little bit about Italy as my wife and I there several years ago.
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A.are going B.had been C.went D.have been
13. I’m glad to see that he great progress since I him last.
A.will make;have met B.has made;have met
C.had made;met D.has made;met
14. She started at the painting, wondering where sheit.
A.saw B.has seen C.sees D.had seen
15. When Alice came to, she did not know how long she here.
A.had been lying B.has been lying C.was lying D.has lain
16. -Tommy is planning to buy a car.
- I know.By next month, he enough for a used one.
A.saves B. saved C.will save D.will have saved
二、语法填空 （do）well in all her subjects (promise) that he would come, but he hasn’t turned up yet. 7.Daniel’s family farming since five years ago.
10.Well, actually, I’ve12.I don’t drink now, but I ever (drink) for almost ten years.
【课后作业】
一、单句改错
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