?????????????专业?? 权威?? 轻松?? 快乐?????????厦门大学考博英语一本通?
厦门大学2012年博士研究生入学考试英语试题
Part I Vocabulary and Structure (15%)
Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center,
1．The weather wasn't favorable and both teams had to icy rain and a strong wind daring the match.
A．pin down B．get stuck in
C．take control ofD．contend with
2．People planning to travel by car to North Dakota in the winter are advised to _______ their cars with snow tires and warm clothing,
A．installB．purchase
C．provideD．equip
3．The consumer development in big cities like Beijing, Shanghai and Canton.
A． boom B．volume
C．summitD．pressure
4．After a number of disagreements with the committee, the chairman decided to _____ his present job.
A．retire B．resign
C．retreatD．withdraw
5．Obviously, no teacher has _________ patience. Even Larry, who is always kind and tolerant, lost his temper on that particular occasion.
A．definiteB．spectacular
C．infiniteD．composed
6．Scientists use observation and experimentation to examine a specific concept______ existing theories and principles.
A．in the light of B．in view of
C．as toD．in the interest of
7．As the ship is loaded, it will sink deeper and deeper into the water, but only sink deep enough to________ an amount of water equal to the weight of the ship and its cargo.
A．dismissB．offset
C．displace D．squeeze
8．Among other things the Town Council is responsible for parks, fire services,_______ collection and libraries.
A．refuse B．plague
C．robbery D．insect
9．On leaving school he became an office-boy and having no_______ to rise higher, he only wasted his time.
A．ambition B．determination
C．success D．purpose
10．A feeling of tiredness the soldier on duty and he had to straggle hard to keep awake.
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A．overcame B．defeated
C．conquered D．overtook
11．The "formal learning" refers to all learning which takes place in the classroom regardless of whether such learning is ______ by conservative or progressive ideologies.
A．securedB．attained
C．manifestD．informed
12．Formal learning is separated from daily life and may actually promote ways of learning and thinking which often run ______ to those obtained from practical daily life.
A．parallelB．contradictory
C．opposite D．counter
13．We were ______ by the extent to which teacher's decisions served the interests of the school rather than those of the students.
A．struckB．puzzled
C．attracted D．misled
14．The findings of the two archaeologists _______ the burial customs of the ancient Egyptians.
A．paid attention toB．gained access to
C．threw light uponD．keep track of
15．In recent years, business schools _______ the master's degree in business administration enjoy great popularity among the management in big companies.
A．representing B．offering
C．presenting D．supplying
16．The scheme for rebuilding the city center _______ owing to the refusal of a Council to sanction the expenditure of the money it would have required.
A. fell down B. felt out
C. fell offD. fell flat
17．The changing image of the family on television provides ________ into changing attitudes toward the family in society.
A．presentations B．revelations
C．specifications D．insights
18．According to Plato, the most important idea is the idea of "good". Knowledge of "good" is the object of all inquiry, a goat to which all other things are ________.
A．approximate B．crucial
C．subordinate D．detached
19．If children who cannot write are asked to write the story they have been told orally, they tend to scribble in _______ across a page.
A．patternsB．designs
C．modelsD．scratches
20．Travelling like this is really an adventure. Very often, you're off doing something strange where you don't know what's going to _______ around the next bend.
A．turn offB．mm on
C．turn away D．turn up
21．Nuclear power plants are some of the largest producers of _______ wastes, with each plant producing barrels of radioactive material that must be stored in special protective containers.
A．biodegradable B．hazardous
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?????????????专业?? 权威?? 轻松?? 快乐?????????厦门大学考博英语一本通?
C．reasonable D．durable
22．The scientific community was ______ when a living specimen of the coelacanth, long thought to be _____ was discovered by deep-sea fisherman.
A．perplexed...common B．overjoyed...dangerous
C．unconcerned…local D．astounded…extinct
23．After the governor's third trip to overseas, voters complained that he was paying too little attention to ______ affairs.
A．intellectual B．foreign
C．professional D．domestic
24．The Roman Emperor Claudius was viewed with ______ by generations of historians until newly discovered evidence showed him to be administrator,
A．suspicion...a clever B．disdain...a capable
C．antagonism... an eager D．indignation... an incompetent
25．Communities in primitive areas where natural ______ is scarce must be resourceful in order to secure adequate nutrition.
A．education B．competition
C．sustenance D．agriculture
26．Anthony's _______ expression masked an essential cheerful nature.
A．jubilant B．inevitable
C．dour D．pert
27．Her shrewd campaign managers were responsible for the fact that her political slogans were actually forgotten clichés revived and ________ with new meaning.
A．fathomed B．instilled
C．foreclosed D．instigated
28．The stoic former general led his civilian life as he had his military life, with simplicity and _______ dignity.
A．benevolent B．informal
C．austere D．aggressive
29．Although bound to impose the law, a judge is free to use his discretion to _______ the anachronistic barbarity of some criminal penalties.
A．mitigateB．understand
C．condoneD．provoke
30．Henry viewed Melissa as _______; she seemed to be against any position regardless of its merits.
A．heretical B．disobedient
C．contrary D．inattentive
Part Ⅱ. Reading Comprehension (40%)
Section A (30 points)
Directions: There are 3 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some question,- or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center
Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage:
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?????????????专业?? 权威?? 轻松?? 快乐?????????厦门大学考博英语一本通?
The world seems to be going diet crazy, and yet our nation's obesity rate has shot up year after year. And, it's not only the over 20 population that has to worry about their weight anymore. Children from kindergarten to twelfth grade are also experiencing the problems of an overweight lifestyle.
According to the website cosmiverse.eom, 11% of adolescents are categorized as being overweight, and another 16% are in danger of becoming overweight. This is a 60% jump from the 1980's.
Some of the blame is being put on schools wanting to fit more academic classes into the children's schedule rather than waste time on physical education. This new take on education has left us with physical activity at an all-time national low, resulting in obesity and poor. physical conditioning at an all-time national high The schools have tried a few solutions; the most recent in the news has been taking soda out of schools and increasing the required time children must be active during school.
Will those methods help at al1 Education is important at school, but starts at home I believe students are getting their bad habits from watching their parents and how the eat and exercise. The school system only helps to hinder the child's dietary eating. I know there are studies showing genes that determine how a child will be built. That does not explain however, why the rate continues to increase at such a rapid rate each year. It seems more likely that more and more families have both patents working, leaving their children to their own means for a meal.
"Nintendo, TV, Play station and the like," are what Physical Education teacher, Sue Arostegui, attributes the inactiveness to. "Parents are either gone or too seated with today's society to let them out and play."
Classes on health need to become more regular and sports need to be encouraged. At Live Oak High School the staff does a good job of teaching how to eat and exercise to stay healthy. The freshmen study health every Wednesday in P.E., and Para James teaches healthy eating and food preparation in Home Economics for the first few weeks of every school year.
"Kids have no idea how many calories they are eating," said James of the overweight problems facing students. "Fast food is becoming more popular, it's easier and parents are busy. They are only setting their kids up to gain weight with that diet however."
School cafeterias are also getting blamed for the students' eating habits. "Healthy eating should start at home," said L.O.H.S. cafeteria cook. Brenda Myers. "Too many kids are being raised on fast food. Alter eating so much fast food they don't have ,my tastes for real home cooked food. I always have healthy foods for students, but they
are less likely to eat them."
Other schools do not even have the type of programs Live Oak offers and are suffering even worse consequences. Sports keep students fit and healthy. There need to be more readily available sports programs for anyone who would like to join. Many students when they feel they do not meet the standards for a team will admit defeat and drop off the team. There needs to be a program that all students will be interested in and continue through for the entire season.
Schools can only do and be blamed for so much however, and it will be up to the parents to become more aware of what activities their children are participating in and how healthy they are eating. Until that happens, I foresee the obesity rate continuing on its uphill curve.
1．Which of the following is similar in meaning to the word "obesity"?
A．Extremely heavy.
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B．Quite plump.
C．Unhealthily fat.
D．Rather stout.
2．What is the trend in education that has led to an increase in obesity?
A．Banning all types of soda drinks in schools.
B．Adding more academic classes at the expense of physical education.
C．No readily available sports programs for everyone.
D．The tendency to neglect courses on healthy eating.
3. What is the chief reason for the increase in obese students?
A．The genes of the students.
B．The poor quality of school cafeteria food.
C．Inactiveness due to playing computer games,
D．The negative example of their parents.
4．What should be done to improve students' awareness of the importance of a healthy diet?
A．Inform the students of the calorie content of the food they eat.
B．Help students foster a taste for home cooked food.
C．Stop the cafeterias from selling fast food.
D．Provide programs like those offered at Live Oak High School.
5． According to the passage, the obesity rate of students will continue to grow unless______
A．all schools increase the time for students to be physically active
B．parents are more alert to what their children do sad eat
C．schools increase the number of sports programs sad activities
D．students are taught to change their eating habits
Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage:
The collaboration among scientists, universities sad industry is not new. Both the university administration and the industry play a role in developing the scientific knowledge in the academic environment. The university is usually responsible for obtaining patents and for licensing the fights for its professors' inventions. The company, having licensed the product, must provide the considerable financial backing required for its development and marketing.
In the best of all possible worlds, the inventors, the university administrators and the company executives work as a well-oiled machine that creates a beneficial product and generates capital to support the academic lab, the scientist, the university and the company's shareholders. In the real world, however, each of these component parts has its own agenda. The goals may not entirely overlap.
When a university stands to gain financially from the commercialization of one of its professors' inventions, for example, the professor may hesitate, out of conflict-of-interest issues, to participate in the trials of the new product. Such a policy causes friction and frustration in the relationship between the university administration and the faculty members.
Universities themselves have faced the frustration of licensing their inventions to companies that have then sublicensed them to other firms for enormous fees, Because these "fees" can be disguised by a variety of accounting procedures, there is no way for the university or the inventor to participate in the profits of the sublicensing agreement. Thus, unless the invention becomes a product, the profits made by the company are not shared by the university or the inventor.
Meanwhile it is the company who writes the checks. Of the three parties involved, it
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compromises the least. As a rule, the company shows more concern over new ideas and new products which can be used to benefit itself and the public good as well.
So the scientist, the university and the industry find themselves on a three-way street where ideas from the academic laboratory move into the realm of application. Because the use of this highway has increased dramatically in recent years, traffic jams and collisions have been unavoidable. And. increasingly, basic research is diverted from its path. Inevitably, such sidetracking will slow the movement of basic science discoveries into technical products.
Preventing this slowdown requires some new rules of the road. Increased government funding for research is necessary to restore order by redirecting lab efforts back toward basic research - the well spring of all applied technologies.
The scientist and the university mutt cease regarding companies as money-providers with deep pockets and learn from the business world how economic realities are integrated into idealistic goals. And the company's attitude that "the scientist has done the casy work" has to give way to adapting to a more inclusive approach that permits participation by the scientist and the university in deciding on the best road to development. Without these accommodations on all sides, the flow of idea into products will be slowed, and all panics, including society at large, will suffer from tile gridlock.
6．Before the invention becomes a product, universities mostly worry that______
A．whether the product world be beneficial to themselves
B．they can't share the profits if the invention is sublicensed to other firms
C．financial support required For its development can't be found
D．there will be conflict-of-interest issues between them and the faculty
7．Slowdown of basic science discoveries into technical products is directly due to______
A．the profit orientation of industry
B．traffic jams and collisions on "this highway"
C．diversion of basic research from its path
D．dramatic increase in the use of "this highway"
8． According to the author, what should be the function of the government?
A．Providing financial support to the basic scientific research.
B．Laying down new traffic rules of the road.
C．Setting new "game rules" for the three parts concerned.
D．Stimulating the transference of basic scientific discoveries to applied technologies
9．Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the text?
A．Industry should not function as a money-provider.
B．Scientists, universities and industry should change their mutual attitudes.
C．Scientists and companies should take more active attitude toward creation of new ideas.
D．Universities should motivate scientists to produce more inventions.
10．Which of the following is the best topic of the text?
A. The relationship among universities, scientists and industry.
B. The means to apply new ideas to the real world.
C. The problems in the cooperation among scientists, universities and industry.
D. The role of universities and industry in developing scientific knowledge.
Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage:
An often-used, but valuable, analogy compares the immune system with an army. The
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defending troops are the white blood cells called lymphocytes, born in the bone marrow, billeted in the lymph nodes and spleen, and on exercise in the blood and lymph systems. A body can muster some 200,000,000 cells, making the immune system comparable in mass to the liver or brain.
The lymphocytes are called to action when the enemy makes itself known. They attack anything foreign. Their job is to recognize the enemy for what it is, and then destroy it. One of the key features of the immune system is its specificity. Inoculation with smallpox provokes an attack on any smallpox virus, but on nothing else. This specificity of response depends on the lymphocyte's ability to identify the enemy correctly by the molecules on its surface, called antigens.
An antigen is an enemy uniform. It can be a protein on the surface of a cold virus, or it can be a protein on the surface of a pollen grain, in which case the immune response takes the form of an allergy. An antigen can also be a protein on the surface of a transplanted organ, in which case the immune response "rejects' the transplant. Organs can therefore be transplanted only between closely related people --- in whom the antigens are the same-or into people treated with a drug that suppresses the immune system, such as cyclosporin.
In the 1940s, an Australian immunologist, Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet, proposed a theory that helped explain how lymphocytes recognize; and are activated by specific foreign antigens. The clonal selection theory as it was called, suggested that the innate immune system was not a homogeneous mass of more or less identical lymphocytes, but rather was made up of millions of different families called clones."The members of each clone carry on their surfaces a receptor that is capable of identifying and binding to just one foreign antigen (or a part of it called the determinant).
Thus, when a foreign body carrying that antigen appears, the antigen binds to the receptor of only those lymphocyte clones which are capable of recognizing it. Once the antigen binds to the receptor it stimulates the lymphocyte to divide, which generates more identical copies of itself. These clone members then attack the foreign entity which carries the antigen.
This implies that the immune system works on a "ready-made" basis. A person's immune system inherits the knowledge of all foreign antigens to which it might be exposed. The sum of this inheritance increases as new threats are met.
11. The author's primary purpose in the passage is to do which of the following?
A．Demonstrate the inadequacy of an analogy
B．Advocate a method to strengthen the immune system.
C．Compare the immune system to the brain.
D．Clarify the workings of the body's defense system
12. The word "mass" in paragraph 1 means________.
A．bulk
B．function
C．company
D．lump
13. The author provides information to answer which of the following questions?
A．What is the process by which antigens are produced?
B．What is the mechanism by which cyclosporin suppresses the immune system?
C．What is the process that prevents closely related persons from developing dissimilar
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antigens?
D．Where do the body's lymphocytes originate?
14．In describing the immune system, the author does all of the following EXCEPT ______
A．define a term
B．illustrate through a comparison
C．quote all authoritative source
D．give an approximation
15．As stated in the final three paragraphs, the clonal selection theory explains ________
A．why the body's immune system may reject transplanted organs
B．where and when specific foreign antigens enter the body
C．why dividing lymphocytes produce exactly identical copies
D．how the immune system tailors its response to specific antigens
Section B (10 points)
Directions: In the following article, some sentences have been removed For Questions 1-5, choose the most suitable one from the list A-E to fit into each of the numbered blank. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.
Negotiation is not limited to the corporate boardroom or to high-stakes business settings. By becoming familiar with simple negotiating skills, you can help solve a wide variety of workplace problems, both large and small.
When .you are discussing a need or problem with your coworkers, choose whichever of the following techniques will help bring your discussion to a positive close.
Learn about the other's needs. What does the other person need? How can you help meet these needs? Negotiation often involves exchanges, and your willingness to discover resources you can "swap" with each other can make your negotiation successful.
Listen. 1.____
Negotiate with the right person. 2.___________
Ask questions. In the course of a typical negotiation, your coworker will say things you disagree with. He might even make an ultimatum or two. Don't respond in kind. Probe his position by asking open-ended questions and posing hypothetical scenarios. You will likely discover additional negotiating room as a result.
Know your strengths but don't let on. 3.___________
Don't be afraid to give in, but do it point by point. A good rule of thumb: make a concession only when your coworker makes a concession.
Think of negotiating as a selling. Imagine you are a salesperson who must convince your customer of the merits of your product. A sales mindset will help you maintain a positive and persuasive attitude.
Anticipate shock tactics, Good negotiators know that "shock tactics" are a normal part of serious negotiation discussions. 4._______________
Look at the big picture. If you and your coworker agree on the big picture, you can agree "in principle" to your mutual objective-and pursue the details later. An agreement in principle often removes a major stumbling block to successful negotiations, since it may put you and the other person on the same side.
Look for "yes" opportunities. 5. _____________ When you hear a "yes", thank your coworker and reaffirm your desire to conclude an agreement.
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Remember that winning is not everything. In a productive negotiation, both sides give away something in order to gain something of greater value. Do not enter a negotiation with the intention of browbeating your opponent or "winning" the deal. instead, seek to arrive at a win-win outcome that leaves both you and your coworker enthusiastic about the result and eager to negotiate again.
A. Always maintain a sense of decorum, even when others appear angry, frustrated of disgusted. Your decorum signals your willingness to continue the discussion—but on civil terms,
B. Remain on the lookout for points you and the other person agree on. When negotiations are not going well--even when they seem doomed--agreement on a relatively minor point can often change the tone of the discussion.
C. Let your coworker talk about her problem first Try to understand her position before you argue your point of view.
D. Don't let your coworker know fully what you can offer in the negotiation until the discussion progresses further. Save your best negotiating points and concessions for later.
E. Nothing is more frustrating than approaching an individual to help you solve a problem, only to discover that he cannot. Figure out who can help meet your needs, and then decide how best to approach that individual.
Part Ⅲ Short Answer Questions (10%)
Directions: Read the following passage and then give short answers to the five questions. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.
As researchers learn more about how children's intelligence develops, they are increasingly surprised by the power of parents. The power of the school has been replaced by the home. To begin with, all the factors which are part of intelligence --the child's understanding of language, learning patterns, curiosity -- are established well before the child enters school at the age of six. Study after study has shown that even after school begins, children's achievements have been far more influenced by parents than by teachers. This is particularly true about learning that is language-related. The school rather than the home is given credit for variations in achievement in subjects such as science.
In view of their power it's sad to see so many parents not making the most of their child's intelligence. Until recently parents had been warned by educators Who asked them not to educate their children. Many teachers now realize that children cannot be educated only at school and parents are being asked to contribute both before and after the child enters school.
Parents have been particularly afraid to teach reading at home. Of course, children shouldn't be pushed to read by their parents, but educators have discovered that reading is best taught individually --- and the easiest place to do this is at home. Many four and five-year-olds who have been shown a few letters and taught their sounds will compose single words of their own with them even before they have been taught to read.
1．What have researchers found out about the influence of parents and the school on children's intelligence?
2．What do researchers conclude about children's learning patterns?
3．In which area may school play a more important role?
4．Why did many parents fail to make the most of their children's intelligence?
5．The author suggests in the last paragraph that parents should be encouraged to_______ Part Ⅳ. English-Chinese Translation (15%)
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?????????????专业?? 权威?? 轻松?? 快乐?????????厦门大学考博英语一本通?
Directions: Read the passage carefully and translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet. With the rapid spread of the internet since the early '90s, and the relentless technological innovations generated through it, the information era is truly upon us, profoundly influencing and changing not only our lifestyle, but also the way we work, do business, think and communicate with others,
Many countries have, or are in the process of creating, their own "Silicon Valley". So far, none has yet threatened the preeminence of the US prototype. What makes Silicon Valley such a unique entity? There are several crucial factors, Secondly, it actively encourages, or even exalts, risk-taking. Hence, failure holds no tenor and there is no stigma attached to a failed effort. On the contrary, they will try even harder next time round. Such never-say-die approach is the sine qua non for the ultimate triumph in entrepreneurship and technological breakthrough.
A third decisive factor is the vital role of venture capitalists who willingly support promising start-ups with urgently needed initial capital to get them started. Some would even give failed entrepreneurs a second chance if convinced that a fresh concept might lead to eventual success. achievement if their efforts contribute to its fruition.
Intellectual challenges aside, it is a common practice for start-ups to offer generous share options to employees in order to attract the right talent into their folds. This is a powerful incentive to motivate the staff to do their utmost and to share in the company's prosperity if it reaches its goal. Many regard this as the foundation of a successful enterprise.
Those that have become high flyers, such as Netscape, Intel, Cisco and Yahoo, have turned many of their employees, including support staff like secretaries, into dot com millionaires overnight, often at the relatively young age of 20s or 30s.
The Valley's professionals are among the most hardworking people anywhere. A 15-hour day and 7-day week is not uncommon, especially during the start-up stage. They would give up social life, and curtail their family life too, in order to pursue the pot of gold at the end of the rainbow. It is this single minded pursuit of excellence, supported by strong ethos of team work and esprit de corps, that sustain them until their mission is accomplished.
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Paper qualifications, though useful, is not a be all and end all. More weight is given to a candidate's proven abilities and aptitude for the job. This is amply demonstrated by industry icons like Apple's Jobs and Wozniak and Microsoft's Gates, all college dropouts who might not have emerged in a qualification-conscious community.
While racial prejudice no doubt still exists in the United States, albeit in a less degrading form as before, it is hardly discernible in the Valley. What counts most is one's vision and track However, with the collapse of the US Nasdaq share index earlier this year resulting in the plunge in prices of technology shares listed on it and elsewhere, the hitherto valuable share options held by numerous paper dot.com millionaires have become virtually worthless in these changed circumstances. Those who could not take the heat, as it were, left their employment feeling disillusioned.
Part Ⅴ Writing (20%)
Directions: You are asked to write an essay on the following topic: Successful sports professionals can earn a great deal more money than people in other important professions. Some people think this is fully justified while others thing it is unfair.
Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.
You should write at least 250 words.
You should use your own ideas, knowledge and experience and support your
arguments with examples and relevant evidence.
厦门大学2012年博士研究生入学考试参考答案与解析
Part I Vocabulary and Structure
1、答案：D
【精析】：D项“contend with”是“斗争”的意思，B项是“确定、阻止”的意思，B项是“陷入”，C项是“控制”，只有D符合题意。
2、答案：D
【精析】：“equip with”是个固定搭配，即“给……配备”的意思。A项的“install”一般指“安装软件”等，B项的“purchase”是“购买”的意思，C项的“provide”是指“提供”的意思。
3、答案：A
【精析】：“consumer boom”为固定词组，即“消费热潮”之意。B项的“volume”一般指“音量”的意思，C项的“summit”一般指“峰会、顶端”之意，D项的“pressure”指“压力”之意。
4、答案：D
【精析】：withdraw one's job，即退出现有的工作。A项的“retire”指“退休”的意思，B项的“resign”指“辞职”的意思，C项的“retreat”则是指“撤退、退回”的意思。
5、答案：C
【精析】：infinite patience，即无限的耐心。A项“definite”的意思是“明确的”，B项的“spectacular”则是指“壮观的、惊人的”，D项的“composed”意为“沉静的、镇定的”。
6、答案：A
【精析】：“in the light of existing theories and principles”，根据现存的理论和原则。B项的“in view of”指“由于、鉴于”，C项的“as to”指“关于……方面”，D项的“in the interest of”指
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?????????????专业?? 权威?? 轻松?? 快乐?????????厦门大学考博英语一本通?
“为了……的利益”。
7、答案：B
【精析】：offset，抵消的意思，在句子中指抵消水和船的重量，船在水面达到平衡。A项的“dismiss”是指“解雇、开除”，C项的“displace”意为“代替”，D项的“squeeze”指“紧握、抓紧”。
8、答案：A
【精析】：refuse collection是固定搭配，即垃圾回收。B项的“plague”是指“瘟疫、灾祸”，C项的“robbery”一般指“盗窃、抢劫”，D项的“insect”指“昆虫”的意思。
9、答案：A
【精析】：A选项：ambition的意思为“抱负，雄心”，其他三项意思分别是：determination决心，确定；success成功，成就；purpose目的，用途，毅力。
10、答案：A
【精析】：overcame by the tiredness，困得要命。B项的“defeated”是指“被打败的意思”，C项的“conquered”是指“被征服”的意思，D项的“overtook”是指“赶上、压倒、突然来袭”之意。
11、答案：C
【精析】：manifest，证明的意思。A项的“secured”是指“安全的、有担保的”之意，B项的“attained”指“获得、得到”之意，D项的“informed”是指“告知”之意。
12、答案：B
【精析】：contradictory，相互抵触。A项的“parallel”是指“平行”的意思，C项的“opposite”是指“在……对面”的意思，D项的“counter”则是指“相反地”的意思，当动词用时是指“反击、反对”。
13、答案：A
【精析】：struck 指受打击的意思，老师做决定考虑学校的利益远大于考虑学生的利益，使学生大为震惊。B项的“puzzled”是指“疑惑的”，C项的“attracted”是指“被吸引”，D项的“misled”是指“被误导”。
14、答案：C
【精析】：throw light on，解释、阐明。A项的“paid attention to”是指“留意、留心”，B项的“gained access to”是指“获得”是意思，D项的“keep track of”是指“记录”之意。
15、答案：B
【精析】：offer degree，固定搭配。A项的“representing”是指“代表”，C项的“presenting”是指“提供、上呈”，D项的“supplying”是指“提供、供给”的意思。
16、答案：D
【精析】：fall flat，失败的意思。A项的“fell down”是指“跌倒”的意思，B项的“fell out”是指“脱落、离队、争吵”之意，C项的“fell off”是指“跌落、下降”的意思。
17、答案：B
【精析】：provide revelation into something，对……提供启示。A项的“presentations”指“描述、陈述、介绍”，C项的“specifications”指“规格、说明书”之意，D项的“insights”是指“洞察力”。
18、答案：C
【精析】：subordinate，附属的。A项的“approximate”是指“近似的”之意，B项的“crucial”是指“重要的、决定性的”，D项的“detached”指“分离的、分开的”之意。
19、答案：D
【精析】：scribble in scratches，胡乱地划。A项的“patterns”是指“模式”之意，B项的
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?????????????专业?? 权威?? 轻松?? 快乐?????????厦门大学考博英语一本通?
“designs”是指“设计”的意思，C项的“models”则是指“模型”的意思。
20、答案：D
【精析】：turn up，发生。A项的“turn off”是指“关掉、关闭”之意，B项的“turn on”指“打开、发动”的意思，C项的“turn away”指“避开、解雇、不准……入内”之意。
21、答案：B
【精析】：hazardous，有害的。A项的“biodegradable”指“能进行生物降解的”，C项的“reasonable”是指“合理的”之意，D项的“durable”是指“持续的”之意。
22、答案：D
【精析】：astounded，惊奇的；extinct，灭绝的。A项的“perplexed”指“困惑的”，“common”指“共同的”，B项的“overjoyed”指“狂喜的”，“dangerous”指“危险的”，C项的“unconcerned”指“不关心的”，“local”是指“当地的”。
23、答案：D
【精析】：domestic，国内的。A项的“intellectual”是指“智力的”之意，B项的“foreign”是指“国外的、海外的”之意，C项的“professional”是指“专业的”之意。
24、答案：B
【精析】：disdain，鄙视；capable，有能力的。A项的“suspicion”是指“嫌疑”，“clever”指“聪明的”，C项的“antagonism”指“对抗、敌对”，“eager”指“渴望的、热切的”，D项的“indignation”指“愤怒”，“incompetent”指“无能力的、不胜任的”。
25、答案：D
【精析】：natural agriculture，自然农业。A项的“education”是指“教育”的意思，B项的“competition”是指“竞赛、比赛”，C项的“sustenance”指“生计”之意。
26、答案：A
【精析】：jubilant，喜洋洋的。B项的“inevitable”是指“不可避免的”，C项的“dour”是指“严厉的、顽强的”之意，D项的“pert”是指“无礼的、粗莽的、大胆的”之意。
27、答案：B
【精析】：instill，灌输、注入。A项的“fathomed”指“看穿、彻底了解”，C项的“foreclosed”是指“阻止、排除”之意，D项的“instigated”指“唆使、煽动”的意思。
28、答案：C
【精析】：C选项：austere的意思为十分简朴的，句意：这位坚忍的前将军的平民生活像他的军旅生活一样简朴、庄严。故选C。
其他三项意思分别是：benevolent与人为善的，慈善的；informal非正式的；aggressive挑衅的，侵略性的。
29、答案：A
【精析】：mitigate，缓和、减轻。B项的“understand”指“理解”之意，C项的“condone”指“宽恕、赦免”的意思，D项的“provoke”指“激励、引起”的意思。
30、答案：B
【精析】：disobedient，不服从的、桀骜不驯的。A项的“heretical”是指“异端的、异教的”之意，C项的“contrary”是指“相反的”之意，D项的“inattentive”是指“疏忽的、不注意的”之意。
Part II Reading Comprehension
Section A
1、答案：B
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?????????????专业?? 权威?? 轻松?? 快乐?????????厦门大学考博英语一本通?
【精析】：“plump”(圆胖的)和“obesity”（肥胖）同义。A项的“extremely heavy”是指“很重”的意思，C项的“unhealthily fat”是指“病态的肥胖”之意，D项的“rather stout”是指“非常矮胖”之意。
2、答案：B
【精析】：定位到第三段“……fit more academic classed into the children's schedule rather than waste time on physical education”，B项的“adding more academic classes at the expense of physical education”符合此意。
3、答案：D
【精析】：定位到第四段，“I believe students are getting their bad habits from watching their parents and how the eat and exercise”，D项的“The negative example of their parents”符合此意。
4、答案：D
【精析】：定位到第五段，“Classes on health need to become more regular……”，D项的“Provide programs like those offered at Live Oak High School”符合此意。
5、答案：B
【精析】：定位到最后一段，“……and it will be up to parents to become more aware of what activities their children are participating in how healthy the are eating”，B项符合此意。
6、答案：D
【精析】：定位到第三段中，“the professor may hesitate,out of conflict—interest issues”，D项的“there will be conflict—of—interest issues between them and the faculty”符合此意。 7、答案：C
【精析】：定位到第六段，“basic research is diverted from its path……”，C项的“diversion of basic research from its path”符合此意。
8、答案：A
【精析】：定位到第七段，“increased government funding for research is necessary……”，A项的“providing financial support to the basic scientific research”符合此意。
9、答案：B
【精析】：定位到最后一段，“without these accommodation on all sides,the flow of idea into products will be slowed……”，B项符合此意。
10、答案：C
【精析】：文章分析了科学家、大学和企业之间面临的合作问题
11、答案：D
【精析】：文章讲了人体免疫系统的工作过程
12、答案：A
【精析】：mass和bulk同义，都是指大量的意思。B项的“function”是指“功能”的意思，C项的“company”是指“公司”之意，D项的“lump”是指“块状”的意思。
13、答案：B
【精析】：定位到第三段，“in whom the antigens are the same—or into people treated with a drug that suppresses the immune system, such as cyclosporine”，B项符合此意
14、答案：D
【精析】：第一段中，A项的“define a term”，B项的“illustrate through a comparison” 都有体现，第四段中的例子与C项的“quote all authoritative source”符合，D项没有体现
15、答案：D
【精析】：定位到第四段，“……a theory that helped explain how lymphocytes recognize; and are activated by specific foreign antigens”，D项符合题意。
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