财政部财科所考博英语一本通--完形填空分析与技巧

专业 ? 权威 ? 轻松 ? 快乐2017年财政部财科所考博英语完形填空

完形填空

财政部财科所考博英语完形填空题型概述及考情分析

完型填空题需要考生综合考虑短文的内容安排、结构组织、内在逻辑及语言特色，主要测试词汇辨析、习惯用法、固定搭配、语法结构、逻辑推理和语篇理解等方面的知识和能力。考生应具有借助词汇、句法及上下文线索对语言进行综合分析和应用的能力。考点和词汇题类似，只是形式不一样，不仅要求牢固掌握词汇，还要求有良好的整体把握能力。考博英语的完形填空题需要跳过空格阅读文章，通过自己的语感和英语知识，把握通篇段落和每个句子，从而选出空格处所缺的词汇，这也需要很好的阅读能力。

财科所考博的完形填空题型给出一篇空白处较多的短文，通常有250词左右，要求考生就所给篇章中空白处所需的词或短语分别从四个选项中选出最佳答案，共15个选择题，每道题1分，共15分，每道题提供4个选项。

做完型填空除了要把握上下文的意思之外，还要能够对近义词，形近词以及词组进行辨析。从财科所考博历年的考题中看，完形填空的题型主要是词义辨析，词组以及结构识别,分别列举如下：

1. 词义与词形的辨析

选项与选项之间构成同义词、反义词、形近词的关系。有时出题者也借助选项，考察考生对某些单词词义的精确理解。对某些单词的理解不能只局限于中文，而应从出题者的考察意图和英文理解的角度，逐字理解和辨析，从而找出正确答案。例如cycle/period/circle/round, problem/difficulty/trouble/matter,ask/invite/call for/react to等等例如2008 完形填空题2

2. 逻辑关系

所填空格的句子，与上下文构成指代、列举、因果、比较、对比、让步、补充、递进、解说、分析、推理等逻辑关系。上下文逻辑关系的考察，是完形填空区别于单纯的句子与结构测试中最重要的一点。例如therefore, so, however, while, as ,though, when, then, so that等等

例如2008年完形填空题9

3. 结构识别

是指英文中表示句子并列结构的固定词组，如not only…but…, as well, some…the others…, still others…，no sooner…than…,

例如2008年完型填空题8

4. 词组或固定搭配

这里的固定搭配，不仅是指动词与名词之间的搭配而且还有介词词组的固定搭配。如：同样是利用，却有不同的搭配例如take advantage of sth./make use of sth，coincide with,call for等等.

例如2008年完形填空题1

完形填空的试题特点不同于词汇与结构的考查。完形填空侧重测试考生的阅读理解能力、逻辑推理判断能力和综合运用语言等方面的能力。学生不仅要熟练掌握语法结构知识、词语的用法特点和搭配习惯，还必须培养较强的分析判断能力，能从语篇理解的角度出发，联系上下文，注意段落与段落、句子与句子之间的内在逻辑关系，既要做到语言形式和结构完整，还要做到意义完整，才能找到正确答案。

在平时的学习和训练过程中首先要学会运用语篇知识，利用段首句或首段最大限度地获

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取文章的信息。因为通常完形填空的第一句话甚至前几句话都是完整的，这就提供了非常重要的信息，而且这里往往包含主题句，或为理解文章的大意和主要内容提供了必要的线索。利用定义句寻找线索，在阅读中假如遇到不理解的生僻词或关键词，要学会在上下文中找出能够为其定义的短语或句子或同义词来帮助理解。在寻找定义线索时is,mean,is called,or等词语可暗示词语解释。有时反义词语也能为推断生词词义提供帮助。然后要把握文章发展的基本线索。完形填空是一篇有完整内容的文章，而且各段各句之间都遵循一定的思路，有逻辑上的必然联系。比如，论说文一般按照逻辑推理关系展开，记叙文往往按照时间顺序来铺陈，而描写文常常表现为空间关系。要树立起语篇概念，千万不要只拘泥于单个句子或语法。要利用句与句，句群与句群之间的逻辑关系来寻找正确答案。文章的逻辑关系主要包括列举、原因、结果、让步、对照、补充、时间顺序、目的、条件等。而英语文章中这些逻辑关系又是靠逻辑信号词来表达的，没有逻辑词，文章就显得语义模糊不清，不能形成篇章。应理解和熟悉表达不同逻辑关系的连词：

表达列举的连词：first, second, third…;firstly, secondly, thirdly…;first, next, then…;in the first place, in the second place…;for one thing, for another thing…;to begin with, to conclude…;

表示原因的连词：because, since, as, now that..;

表示结果的连词：so, therefore, thus, hence, accordingly, consequently, as a result;

表示让步和转折的连词：however, nevertheless, nonetheless, still,though, yet, in spite of, at any rate, in any case, whoever, whatever;

表示对照的连词：on the contrary, in contrast, by contrast, in comparison, by comparison, conversely;

表示补充的连词：also，further, furthermore, likewise, similarly, moreover, in addition, what’s more, too, either, neither, not…but…, not only…but also…;

表示时间顺序的连词：when, while, as, after, before, since, until, as soon as, once;

表示目的的连词：that, so that, lest, for fear that, in order that;

表示条件的连词：if, suppose, unless, in case, so(as)long as, so far as, on condition(that), provided(that);

利用这些逻辑信号词和上下文可以有助于找到必要信息。完形填空的文章一般都是围绕一个话题论述的语篇，在文章中词语重复和替代现象不可避免。所以，可以联系上下文，寻找相关线索，有时只需将文中的词或短语重复替代即可。如果上下文的线索以语义照应的形式出现，可利用推断方法将相关语义连接起来。运用背景知识可以降低文章的难度，而且还可以利用背景知识和社会常识来帮助理解，因为完形填空所涉及的内容经常与日常生活相关，有的内容可能是已经有所了解的常识。对语言的把握不很准确时，可充分利用社会知识和科普常识来帮助猜测和判断，根据主题猜测细节，注意从重复出现的词语中理解文章主题、主线。英语语言知识和有关世界文化的各种知识在完形填空的学习过程中都发挥着重要的作用，但是想达到这个能力，平时要注意扩大阅读范围，各种文章都要有所涉猎，才能为此打下坚实的基础，以备考试之需。

除了训练技巧外，平时要注意积累语言基础知识，牢记各种搭配。注意文中的逻辑搭配（包括过渡词，连接手段，指代关系，肯定，否定等）；语义搭配（包括搭配同义词，近义词，反义词，形近异义词，同形异义词）；结构搭配（指名词，动词，形容词等在句中或文中与其他词的搭配要求）；惯用搭配（即通常所说的固定短语）。分析有空白的句法关系，是简单句，并列句，还是复合句；判断所填内容在句中充当什么成分，应是什么词性。另外，还需要从时态，语态，语气，名词的数等各个角度分析判断所填内容是否与上下文一致来寻找正确答案。有关词汇部分，要熟悉构词法和常用的词根、词缀，特别是构词能力强的词根可以提高猜测词语含义的能力。最后还可以利用平时培养的语感来帮助寻找正确答案。

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专业 ? 权威 ? 轻松 ? 快乐 2017年财政部财科所考博英语完形填空做完形填空题的一般方法、步骤

（1）细读首句，启示全文。完形填空所选短文一般无标题，但首句通常不设空白，因此

它往往是了解文章全貌的窗口，由此可判断文章体裁，推测文章大意，对我们理解全文有重要的启示作用

（2）通读全文，总揽全局。先要稳下心来，硬着头皮把短文从头到尾快速读一至两遍，

以从整体上感知全文，掌握大意。跳过空白，不看选项、快速阅读。困难肯定是有的。但要注意文中的暗示，努力找出关键词。如果是故事性文章，那么时间、地点、人物就是关键词。抓住了关键词就是抓住了文章的线索，进而理解全文，此时选择填空就不会是胡猜乱填。

（3）联系上下文，先易后难。考生要前后观察，对空白前后句子做深入分析，确定空白

在句子中的意思。如果是语法问题，不仅要考虑时态、语态，还要考虑整个词法、句法。如果是语义问题，，要从上下文分析，依据短文自身完整的语言环境进行合乎逻辑的推理判断

（4）仔细通读，消除疏漏。填空全部完成后要通读一遍，检查是否前后连贯，内容清楚、

主题突出。从意义和语法两个方面仔细推敲。从语法上是否主谓一致；时态语态是否正确；名词代词的词性是否一致；动词、形容词、名词与介词的搭配是否准确无误。

第一节概述:考试目的和内容

主要测试考生在语篇水平上的理解能力和实际运用语言的能力。测试内容可以是句型、结构，也可以是词汇、词组和习惯用语。测试的形式是在一篇题材熟悉、难度适中的短文（约200-250词）中留有10-15个空白，每个空白为一道题。要求考生从所给出的四个选择项中选择最佳答案，有的无选项。选择项可以是一个单词，也可以是短语。

一、完形填空的理论基础

? 格式塔心理学（Gestalt Psychology）整体由部分组成，但部分之和不等于整体，整体不可分割，整体决定部分。

二、完形填空的难点所在

1、“完形”与“词汇”的区别：

“词汇”--- 句子水平（辨析、近似、近义、词组）

“完形”--- 语篇水平（六大关系）

2、语言点宽泛

词语（词与词）

语法（句与句）

篇章（理解全文大意、已知信息推断未知信息）

3、考点范围（中心思想+篇章结构）

篇与段关系；段与段关系；段与句关系；

句与句关系；句与词关系；词与词关系；

三、完形填空的解题方法

1、克服一些固有的解题模式

★四个选项中选择正确答案；

测试的形式是在一篇题材熟悉、难度适中的短文（约200-250词）中留有10-15个空白，每个空白为一题。要求考生从所给出的四个选择项中选择最佳答案。

★完形填空与“词汇”部分解题方法相同；

Excluding ____ and energy, the core index of producer prices rose 0.4 percent, higher than

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the 0.1 percent that economists had forecast.

A. food B. grain C. crop D. diet

The Producer Price Index, which measures what producers receive for goods and services, rose 1 percent in July, the Labor Department reported yesterday, double what economists had been expecting and a sharp turnaround from flat prices in June. Excluding ____ and energy, the core index of producer prices rose 0.4 percent, higher than the 0.1 percent that economists had forecast. Much of that increase was a result of a unexpected increase in car and truck prices. On Tuesday, the Labor Department said the prices that consumers paid for goods and services in July were up 0.5 percent over all, and up 0.1 percent, excluding food and energy.

★用常识和语感进行选词；

★在已知的信息范围内进行定位—查找相关信息线索—分析。

2. 破解方法

?? 一个中心

?? 两个结构

?? 三个层次：

篇章语法词汇

?? 六个法则

中心一致原则总分结构原则逻辑关系原则

信息复现原则词法句法原则复杂从句原则

第二节解题方法：一个中心

Smoking, which may be a pleasure for some people, is a serious source of discomfort for their fellow. Medical authorities express their about the effect of smoking on the health not those who smoke but also of those who do not. In fact, nonsmokers who must involuntarily inhale the air polluted by the tobacco smoke may more than the smokers themselves.

As you are doubtless aware, a considerable number of our students have an effort to the university to ban smoking in the classrooms. I believe they’re entirely right in their aim. on the smokers to use good judgment and show concern for others rather than Smoking is prohibited by city laws in theaters and in halls used for showing films as well as in there may be a fire hazard. Elsewhere, it is up to your good sense.

I am therefore asking you to maintain “No Smoking” in the auditoriums and classrooms. This will important to a large number of our students.

1、 A. concernB. trouble C. interestD. displeasure

2、 A. to B. aboutC. withD. of

3、 A. endureB. sufferC. undergoD. put up with

4、 A. joinedB. directed C. joined inD. directed at

5、 A. makeB. persuadeC. causeD. tell

6、 A. But theB. HoweverC. Further D. Moreover

7、 A. pleading B. beggingC. insistingD. calling

8、 A. withB. by C. toD. in

9、 A. whichB. whenC. whereD. that

10、A. on mindB. in heartC. in mind D. on heart

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【参考答案】1-5:ADBCB 6-10:BDBCC

第三节解题方法：两个结构之层层递进

解题技巧：

1）掌握文章中心

2）仔细阅读各段的段首句

3）观察逻辑关系词

4）判断各段之间的逻辑关系

例：

There are many problems connected with space travel. The first and greatest of them is gravity. If you let your pencil drop to the floor, you can see gravity in ___1___. Everything is held down to the earth by magnetic force. A rocket must go at least 2,500 miles an hour to take anyone beyond the gravity of the ___2___ into space.

Another problem is the strain (张力) that a person is ___3___ to when a rocket leaves the ground.Anything that is not moving ___4____ to resist movement. As the rocket leaves the ground, it ___5___ upward violently, and the person in the nose cone (太空舱) is pushed back against the chair. During this thrust, gravity ___6___ a force on the body equal to nine times its ___7___ force.

___8___ out of the earth's gravity, an astronaut is affected by still another problem --- weightlessness. Here, if a pencil drops, it does not fall. If a glass of water is turned ___9___, the water will not fall out. Our bodies, which are ___10___ to gravity, tend to become upset in weightless conditions. Recent long flights have shown that the body needs special exercise in a ___11___.

Astronauts could also be ___12___ by boredom and loneliness. Some of them might have to sit in their spaceships for months with little to do and no one to talk to. Space trips to ___13___ planets or the nearest stars might take many years. It is possible that some trips might __14___ take a life times. So future astronauts must be trained to ___15___ long periods of inactivity and solitude.

Cosmic rays and tiny dust ___16___ also raise a problem. Outer space, which has no air, is filled with both of these. The dust particles can damage the front end of the rapidly ___77___ spaceship. The cosmic rays, ___18___ they are invisible to the naked eye, can go through the ship and the astronauts themselves. No one is sure ___19___ damage the cosmic rays can do to a human being, ___20___ scientists feel that brief exposure is probably not very harmful.

1. a) act b) action c) reaction d) reflection

2. a) earthb) sun c) moond) rocket

3. a) opposed b) opposite c) subjected d) objected

4. a) intends b) tendsc) refers d) serve

5. a) pullsb) rushes c) pushes d) sweeps

6. a) exerts b) imposes c) disturbs d) heightens

7. a) average b) excessive c) primed) normal

8. a) Despite b) Although c) Now that d) Once

9. a) awayb) out c) upside down d) tightly

10. a) suggested b) accustomed c) responded d) suffered

11. a) spaceship b) satellite c) container d) vehicle

12. a) affected b) effected c) afforded d) effective

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13. a) uniform b) timelyc) approximate d) distant

14. a) only b) also c) even d) yet

15. a) mind b) endure c) coverd) predict

16. a) molecules b) particles c) radiation d) planets

17. a) move b) moving c) are moved d) having moved

18. a) whether b) unless c) though d) since

19. a) how b) whichever c) why d) what

20. a) but b) and c) ford) so

【参考答案】

1.c 2.a 3.c 4.b 5.b 6.a 7.d 8.d 9.c 10.b

11.a 12.a 13.d 14.c 15.b 16.b 17.b 18.c 19.d 20.a 中心：太空旅行的诸多问题

1）重力近地球因素 first

2）张力近地球因素 another

3）失重远太空因素 still another

4）孤独远太空因素+心理因素 also

5）宇宙射线与尘埃远太空因素 also

第四节解题方法：两个结构之对立观点

步骤：作者提出一个大家普遍认同的观点，然后依此为靶子再提出自己的观点从而形成鲜明的对照

With the possible exception of equal rights, perhaps the most issue across the United others maintain there is no convincing evidence that the death penalty reduces the number of murders.（正反观点）

The principal effectiveness as a deterrent to crime anyway.（反方观点） as murder. But some are more extreme than others.（作者观点0 another to coldly plot and conviction, that the not be the fate of the type murder.（作者观点）

The value of the death penalty as a deterrent to crime may be open to debate. But the which shows that the death penalty deters murder. murders for each 100,000 population. Since 1964 the death penalty has been once, and the murder rate has risen to 10.4 murders for each 100,000 population. The sharp climb in the state’s murder rate, which began when executions stopped, is no （支持观点-作者观点）

1. A. severe B. ambiguous C. controversial D. complicated

2. A. however B. although C. and D. while

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3. A. abided B. approved C. advanced D. alleged

4. A. measure B. punishment C. behavior D. tactics

5. A. brutalB. civilizedC. democratic D. liberal

6. A. absolute B. implicit C. relativeD. questionable

7. A. dreadful B. necessary C. fierce D. prevalent

8. A. capable B. liable C. apt D. possible

9. A. murder B. take C. execute D. grab

10. A. but B. and C. nevertheless D. or

11. A. work out B. figure out C. carry out D. put out

12. A. unlikeB. as C. like D. alike

13. A. victimB. suspectC. criminal D. convict

14. A. last B. ate C. later D. latter

15. A. overwhelming B. predominant C. superfluous D. extraordinary

16. A. rejectedB. reinforced C. incorporated D. disproved

17. A. For example B. As a result C. On the contrary D. In addition

18. A. randomly B. rarelyC. scarcely D. consistently

19. A. suspended B. imposed C. violated D. claimed

20. A. occurrence B. incident C. coincidence D. accident

【参考答案】

1-5:CDCBA 6-10:DBABA 11-15:CCCDA 16-20:BADBC

关键词：death penalty（死刑）试验：

文章结构：

作者先提出问题，然后表述这两种观点的交锋。作者支持一方反对一方再举出大量例子、论据来证明分析自己的观点。

第五节解题方法：三个层次之篇章

篇章10大逻辑关系：

1）并列

and, but, or

2）递进

also/then/besides/in addition/additionally/moreover/what is more, furthermore/indeed（强调的递进）

3）转折

but/yet/however/nevertheless/in contrast/on the contrary/on the other hand（语气轻）/unfortunately

4）对比

while/as/whereas/like/unlike/compared with/in comparison with/instead of

rather than（选前不选后）/not…but…（选后不选前）

5）让步（重点）

though/although/even if/though/even/in spite of/despite/nevertheless/much as/anyhow (anyway)/regardless of

6）列举

first/second/then/to begin with/in the second place/on the one hand…on the other hand/for one thing…for another/one…another…/ some…others…still others…

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7）举例

For example/instance/such as/of these/among these/to illustrate/take…for example/

8）时间

when/whenever/while/as/since/before/after/until/simultaneously/meanwhile/at the same time, in the meantime

9）条件

if/only if（唯一条件）/if only（虚拟条件）/unless/if not/otherwise/suppose/supposing/ provided/providing/as long as/in case/when/whenever/ where / with (With your help, we overcome all the difficulties.)

10）因果

Because/ for/ since/ as/ hence/ thus/ therefore/ so (such) that/ in order to (that)/consequently/ accordingly/ due to/ thanks to/ as a result/ in response to/ on account of/ in that (=because)/ lest/seeing that/ considering that

例：

the Landmark Physicians’ Health Study at Harvard University in the United States in the late 1980s, a research team led by Dr. Heinekens studied 22, 701 healthy male physicians, half of to take an aspirin every other day while the others took placebos (安慰剂). After the participants had been _2 for an average of five years, the doctors in the aspirin beneficial for those people with a history of coronary artery (冠动脉) bypass surgery, _4 of their sex, age or whether they have high blood pressure or diabetes. heart disease. (Risk factors include smoking, being more than 20 percent overweight, high blood pressure and lack of exercise.) if it spreads to the neck, shoulder or an arm, or is accompanied by sweating, nausea (恶心aspirin tablet immediately. absorption, crush and mix with a little water. Speed of absorption is critical because most heart the first few hours after chest pain strikes.

1. A. expected B. demanded C. assigned D. advised

2. A. followed B. examined C. monitored D. experienced

3. A. Meanwhile B. Above all C. However D. Whatever

4. A.in spite B. regardless C. careless D. whatever

5. A. low-does B. high-amount C. moreD. right

6. A. readyB. at risk C. maybe D. in danger

7. A. naturally B. apparently C. especially D. furthermore

8. A. eat B. swallow C. digest D. assimilate

9. A. choose B. use C. hold out D. pick out

10. A.for B.alongC. within D. except

【参考答案】1-5:CCABA 6-10:BCBAC

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关键词：aspirin-阿司匹林一组：服用安慰剂一组：服用阿司匹林

中心：心脏病用阿司匹林是有效地

文章结构：

1. 阿司匹林的效果

2. 阿司匹林用于实践

3. 阿司匹林的预防性措施

4. 如何服用阿司匹林

逻辑关系

1. 递进

2. 让步

3. 并列（选择）

4. 递进（强调）

5. 并列（选择）

通过下面这篇文章我们来更好的运用上文讲的10大逻辑关系

In order to work here the foreigner needs a work permit, which must be applied for by his others, can work without permits. and the people who administer it. While the appeals are being considered, the visitor has no choice but to wait sometimes for quite a long time.

1. A. allow B. admit C. present D. grant

2. A. madeB. doneC. explained D. talked

3. A. for B. to C. as D. in

4. A. apt B. likely C. liable D. inclined

5. A. exemptions B. exceptions C. excerptions D. expositions

6. A. prescribed B. qualified C. entitledD. certified

7. A. more B. fewerC. othersD. other

8. A. the way B. that C. the time D. what

9. A. out ofB. to C. from D. off

10. A. honorB. force C. right D. authority

【参考答案】1-5:DBACB 6-10:CDADC

第六节解题方法：三个层次之语法

1）动词

时态语态

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主谓关系（主谓一致/主谓搭配）

动宾搭配（具体抽象/褒义贬意）

动介搭配

及不及物

副词限制

非谓语

2）形容词

同质关系

修饰成分（修饰名词：主宾表）（做宾补要特别注意）

3）副词

同质关系

修饰成分（修饰形容词、动词、副词和句子）

4）名词

同质关系

主谓/动宾关系（见1.动词部分）

5）各类词组

6）复杂从句

主、宾、表、定、状、同位的关联词

定语从句重点看

例： Kingdom’s astounding economic growth (8 percent annually), its tremendous consumer market (1.2 billion people), the investment enthusiasm of foreign suitors ($0 billion in foreign direct quintupled (使成五倍). They’ve become the preeminent producer of labor-intensive manufacturing goods in the world.” being overshadowed by foreign countries and multinationals, Chinese industrial companies are starting to make a mark on the world.

outlets for their production -- through exports and by building Chinese factories abroad, chiefly in Southeast Asia.

1. A. listened B. listened to C. heardD. heard of

2. A. aloneB. aside C. alongD. lonely

3. A. As for B. As to C. Judging by D. According to

4. A. has expanded B. did expand C. does expand D. expands

5. A. 20-year B. a 20-year C. 20-years D. a 20 years

6. A. sth lost B. lost sth C. sth missing D. sth missed

7. A. atB. in C. over D. on

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8. A. Before B. After C. SinceD. Behind

9. A. emerge B. have emerged C. has emerged D. is emerged

10. A. reached B. reached over C. reached out D. reached down

【参考答案】1-5:DADAB 6-10:CABCA

第七节解题方法：三个层次之词汇

词汇要通过篇章，上下文关系，选择适当选项。并非单纯的看这四个词的差别。例：

In the United States, the first day nursery, was opened in 1854. Nurseries were established in various areas during the half of the 19th century; most of were charitable. Both in War, of manpower caused the industrial employment of unprecedented (前所未有) (军火the number of nurseries in the U.S. also exercise a measure of control the day nurseries, chiefly by them and by inspecting and regulating the conditions within the nurseries. them, causing a sharp drop in the number of nursery schools in operation. However, the expectation that most employed mothers would leave their at the end of the war was only partly fulfilled.

1. A) latter B) late C) other D) first

2. A) those B) them C) whose D) whom

3. A) impetus B) input C) imitation D) initiative

4. A) sources B) abundance C) shortage D) reduction

5. A) hardly B) entirely C) only D) even

6. A) Because B) As C) SinceD) Although（层次）

7. A) unanimously B) sharply C) predominantly D) militantly

8. A) therefore B) consequently C) however D) moreover

9. A) over B) in C) atD) about

10. A) formulating B) labeling C) patenting D) licensing（词汇）

11. A) outset B) outbreak C) breakthrough D) breakdown（词汇）

12. A) againB) thus C) repeatedly D) yet