独立主格
一、 独立主格结构的含义和实质
“独立主格结构”（absolute construction）又叫“独立结构”，是带有自己主语的非谓语动词分句和无动词分句。由于在语法上有自己的逻辑主语，结构上与主句不发生关系，因此传统语法叫做“独立主格结构”。其实，所谓“独立主格结构”并非真正独立，它还是一种从属分句，与主句紧密联系在一起，共同表达一个完整的意思，通常在句中起状语分句的作用。独立主格结构可放于句首、句尾，用逗号和主句隔开。
独立主格结构
非谓语动词作状语时，它的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。但有时非谓语动词带有自己的主语，从而在结构上与主语不发生关系，我们称之为独立主格结构（Absolute Construction）。其实，所谓“独立主格结构”也并非真正独立，它还是一种从属的结构。
一、 非谓语动词独立主格结构 在独立主格结构中，非谓语动词和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。
Such an able man to help you，you will surely succeed sooner or later. 有这么能干的人来帮你, 你迟早一定会成功的。（such an able man和 to help you 之间存在着主谓关系） = Since such an able man will help you, you will surely succeed sooner or later.
He seating himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story. 他在书桌旁坐好后，他母亲开始给他讲故事。（seating himself at the desk拥有了自己的逻辑主语he，注意是“主格”） = When he seated himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story.
The key to the bike lost, he had to walk to school. 由于丢了自行车钥匙，他只好步行去学校。（lost 的逻辑主语是the key，lost 也可以用完成式having been lost）
= Because the key to the bike had been lost, he had to walk to school.
A． 不定式“独立主格结构”
在“逻辑主语+动词不定式”结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构也可用一个从句或并列分句来表达。
1．动词不定式用主动的形式
在独立主格结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。
His mother to come tonight，he is busy preparing the dinner.他母亲今晚要来,他正在忙着准备饭菜。（= As his mother is to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner.）
—— Will you go to the concert tonight 你今晚去听音乐会吗？
—— sorry, so many exercise-books to check, I really can't afford any time.对不起，有这多的作业要批，我真的抽不出时间。（＝Because I shall check so many exercise-books tonight, I really can't afford any time.）
The four of us agreed on a division of labour, each to translate a quarter of the book.我们四人同意分工干，每人翻译全书的四分之一。 （＝The four of us agreed on a division of labour and each is to translate a quarter of the book.）
Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful. 种上许多的树，花和草后，我们新建的学校将看上去更美。(=If many trees, flowers, and grass are planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.)
B．-ing形式“独立主格结构”
动词的-ing形式作状语时，其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语保持一致。
Being ill, he went home. 由于生病,他回家了。（= As he was very ill, he went home.） Seating himself at the desk, he began to read a magazine.在课桌旁坐好后，他开始看杂志。（= When he had seated himself at the desk, he began to read a magazine.）
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1． 表示时间的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”
Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class. 每个人都准备好后，老师开始上课。（相当于一个时间状语从句When everyone was ready)
The chairman began the meeting , everyone being seated. 每个人坐好后，主席开始开会。（相当于一个时间状语从句after everyone was seated）
2． 表示原因的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”
The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave. 由那个男孩带路，我们没有困难就找到了那奇怪的洞。（相当于一个原因状语从句Because the boy led the way）
Many eyes watching him, he felt a bit nervous. 许多眼睛看着他，他感到有点儿紧张。（相当于一个原因状语从句As many eyes were watching him）
必背：
含有being的独立主格结构。
It being National Day today，the streets are very crowded. 今天是国庆节,街上很拥挤。 = As it is National Day today, the streets are very crowded.
There being no further business to discuss, we all went home. 没有别的事可讨论，我们都回家了。
= As there was no further business to discuss, we all went home.
3． 表示条件的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”
Time permitting, we will have a picnic next week. 时间允许的话，我们下星期将进行一次野炊。（相当于一个条件状语从句If time permits)
My health allowing, I will work far into the night.我的健康许可的话，我愿工作到深夜。（相当于一个条件状语从句If my health allows）
4． 表示方式的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”
The students are walking in the school happily, each wearing a card in front of his chest.学生们快乐地在学校里走着，每个人胸前都带着一张卡。（相当于一个并列分句and each wears a card in front of his chest）
The boy lay on the grass, his eyes looking at the sky. 男孩躺在草地上，眼睛看着天空。（相当于一个并列分句and his eyes were looking at the sky）
C．-ed形式“独立主格结构”
与逻辑主语+动词的-ing形式一样，如果-ed形式的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致的话，就需要用-ed形式的独立主格结构。
The book written in simple English, English beginners were able to read it.该书是用简单英语写的，英语初学者也能看懂。（ = As the book was written in simple English，English beginners were able to read it.）
The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved. 由于工人们的生活条件大大提高，他们工作得更起劲了。（ = As their living conditions were greatly improved, the workers worked still harder.）
He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard. 他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。 (= He was listening attentively in class, and his eyes were fixed on the blackboard.) The task completed, he had two months' leave. 任务完成以后，他休了两个月的假。（=When the task had been completed, he had two months' leave.）
比较：
动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生，动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束，动词-ing形式往往表示动作正在进行。
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The manager looks worried，many things to settle. 经理看上去很着急, 有这么多的事情要处理。（事情还没有处理，而且是由经理本人来处理，用不定式to settle）
The manager looks relaxed, many things settled. 许多事情已经处理好了， 经理看上去很轻松。（事情已经处理好了，用动词-ed形式settled表示动作已经结束）
The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV. 小孩一边做饭，一边看电视。（两个动作同时进行）
The food cooked, the boy went to bed. 饭做好了，小孩去睡了。（两个动作有先后，饭已做好，小孩才去睡觉的）
二、 无动词独立主格结构
“逻辑主语+being+其他”是独立主格结构中的“逻辑主语+动词-ing形式”的一种形式。在这种结构中，being往往可以被省去，这种省去being的结构，称之为无动词“独立主格结构”。
A．逻辑主语+名词
Ten students entered for the competition, the youngest a boy of 12.
十个学生报名参加了这次竞赛，年纪最小的是个12岁的男孩。（the youngest和a boy of 12之间省去了being）
注意：
独立主格结构中的being在下列两种情况下一般不能省略，一是在“There being + 名词”结构中，二是在逻辑主语是代词的情况下。
There being no bus, we had to walk home. 由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。
It being Sunday, all the offices are closed. 因为是星期日，所有办公室都关门。
B．逻辑主语+形容词
He turned to me, his eyes sleepy. 他睡眼惺忪地转向我。（his eyes和sleepy之间省去了being） = He turned to me, and his eyes were sleepy.
He stood there, his mouth wide open. 他站在那里，嘴张得大大的。（his mouth和wide open之间省去了being）= He stood there, and his mouth was wide open.
C．逻辑主语+副词
School over, we all went home. 放学了，我们都回家了。（school和over之间省去了being） = School was over, and we all went home.
He sat at his desk, his shoes off. 他坐在课桌旁，没穿鞋子。（his shoes和off之间省去了being）
= He sat at his desk and his shoes were off.
D．逻辑主语+介词短语
He is standing in front of the blackboard, his back towards us. 他站在黑板面前，背对着我们。 = He was standing in front of the blackboard, and his back was towards us.
The new teacher came in, a smile on her face. 新老师面带微笑走了进来。
= The new teacher came in and she had a smile on her face.
The teacher came into the classroom，a rule in his hand.老师走进教室，手里拿着一把直尺。 = The teacher came in and a ruler was in his hand.
提示：
在“逻辑主语+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构里，如果名词用单数，可以不用冠词，同时介词短语里的限定词也可省略。
The music teacher stood at the door, violin in hand.
音乐老师站在门口,手里拿着一把小提琴。（= The music teacher stood at the door, a violin in his hand.）
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三、 with/without 引导的独立主格结构
介词with/without +宾语+宾语的补足语可以构成独立主格结构，上面讨论过的独立主格结构的几种情况在此结构中都能体现。
A． with+名词代词+形容词
He doesn’t like to sleep with the windows open. 他不喜欢开着窗子睡觉。
= He doesn’t like to sleep when the windows are open.
He stood in the rain, with his clothes wet. 他站在雨中，衣服湿透了。
= He stood in the rain, and his clothes were wet.
注意：
在“with+名词代词+形容词”构成的独立主格结构中，也可用已形容词化的-ing形式或-ed形式。
With his son so disappointing，the old man felt unhappy. 由于儿子如此令人失望,老人感到很不快乐。
With his father well-known, the boy didn’t want to study. 父亲如此出名，儿子不想读书。
B． with+名词代词+副词
Our school looks even more beautiful with all the lights on. 所有的灯都打开时，我们的学校看上去更美。 = Our school looks even more beautiful if when all the lights are on.
The boy was walking, with his father ahead. 父亲在前，小孩在后走着。
= The boy was walking and his father was ahead.
C． with+名词代词+介词短语
He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand. 或 He stood at the door, computer in hand. 他站在门口，手里拿着一部电脑。 = He stood at the door, and a computer was in his hand. Vincent sat at the desk, with a pen in his mouth. 或 Vincent sat at the desk, pen in mouth.
文森特坐在课桌前，嘴里衔着一支笔。 = Vincent sat at the desk, and he had a pen in his mouth.
D． with+名词代词+动词的-ed形式
With his homework done, Peter went out to play. 作业做好了，彼得出去玩了。
= When his homework was done, Peter went out to play.
With the signal given, the train started. 信号发出了，火车开始起动了。
= After the signal was given, the train started.
I wouldn’t dare go home without the job finished.工作还没完成，我不敢回家。
= I wouldn’t dare go home because the job was not finished.
E． with+名词代词+动词的-ing形式
The man felt very happy with so many children sitting around him. 有这么多的孩子坐在他周围，那男子感到很高兴。
= The man felt very happy when he found so many children sitting around him.
The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was. 小女孩把盒子藏了起来，没有人知道它在哪里。
= The girl hid her box and no one knew where it was.
Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window. 他趁没人注意的时候，从窗口溜走了。
= When no one was noticing, he slipped through the window.
F． with+名词代词+动词不定式
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The little boy looks sad, with so much homework to do. 有这么多的家庭作业要做，小男孩看上去很不开心。 = The little boy looks sad because he has so much homework to do.
The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit. 有这么多的名胜可参观，小孩很激动。=The kid feels excited as there are so many places of interest to visit.
提示：
在with/without 的复合结构中，多数情况下with 能省略，但without 不能省略。 Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.
她没再说什么话就离开了会议室。（without不能省略）
四、 独立主格结构的句法功能
独立主格结构在句中除了能充当原因状语、时间状语、条件状语和伴随状语外，还能作定语。在形式上，“独立主格结构”可位于句首、句中或句尾，并通常用逗号与主句隔开。
A．作状语
独立主格结构作状语，其功能相当于一个状语从句或并列分句。
1．表示时间
Night coming on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel. 夜幕降临，我们在一家小旅馆住了下来。
（= When night came on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel.）
All the guests seated, they began their dinner. 所有的客人就坐后，他们才开始吃饭。 （= When all the guests were seated, they began their dinner.）
With everything she needed bought, Grace took a taxi home. 所需要的都买好后，格雷斯打的回家了。（After everything she needed was bought, Grace took a taxi home.）
2．表示原因
With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.
有许多难题要解决，新当选的总统日子不好过。 （= As he has a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.）
There being no means of transportation, he had to walk home at midnight. 由于在半夜没有交通工具了， 他只好步行回家。
(= As there was no means of transportation, he had to walk home at midnight.)
3．表示条件
Weather permitting, we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week.如果天气允许的话，我们下星期将举行每年一次的运动会。
（= If weather permits，we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week.）
All the work done, you can have a rest. 所有工作做好后，你可以休息。
（=As long as all the work is done, you can have a rest.）
Everything taken into consideration, the plan seems to be more practical. 如果从各方面考虑，你的计划似乎更实际些。
（= If everything is taken into consideration, the plan seems to be more practical.） 提示：
表示时间、原因、条件的独立主格结构一般放在句首，并且不能保留连词。
【误】When class being over, the students left their classroom.
【正】Class (being) over, the students left their classroom. 下课了，学生都离开了教室。
【误】The moon appearing and they continued their way.
【正】The moon appearing, they continued their way. 月亮出来了，他们继续赶路。 5
4．表示伴随情况或补充说明
The strange man was walking down the street, with a stick in his hand. 那个奇怪的男人在街上走着,手里拿着根手杖。
（= The strange man was walking down the street, and he carried a stick in his hand.） The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back. 杀人犯被带了进来，手被捆在背后。
（=The murderer was brought in, and his hands were tied behind his back.）
Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children. 有两百人在事故中丧生，其中许多是儿童。
（Two hundred people died in the accident and many of them were children.）
B．作定语
独立主格结构作定语，其功能相当于一个定语从句。
He is the person with a lot of questions to be settled. (with 的复合结构作定语,修饰the student) 他就是有许多问题要解决的那个人。
= He is the person who has a lot of questions to be settled.
You can use a large plastic bottle with its top cut off. (with 的复合结构作定语,修饰bottle) 你可以使用一个颈被砍掉的大塑料瓶。
= You can use a large plastic bottle whose top was cut off.
He was walking along the road without any street lights on its both sides.
他走在一条两边没有路灯的马路上。 (without的复合结构作定语,修饰the road ) = He was walking along the road that didn’t have any street lights on its both sides.
提示：
在这里我们讨论了很多用连词连接的两个句子改为独立主格结构的情况。需要提示的是，不是所有用连词的地方都可以改为独立主格结构。
If you stand on the top of the mountain，the park looks more beautiful.
如果你站在山顶上, 公园看上去更美。（不要改为独立主格结构）
If you check your test paper carefully, some mistakes can be avoided.
如果你仔细检查试卷的话，有些错误是可以避免的。（不要改为独立主格结构）
二、 独立主格结构的基本形式和功能
独立主格结构可以分为两部分：一部分是名词或代词，起逻辑主语的作用；另一部分是非谓语动词分句（现在分词、过去分词、不定式）或无动词分句（名词、形容词、副词、介词短语），表示前面名词或代词的动作或状态。
基本形式是：名词普通格/代词主格+现在分词/过去分词/不定式/名词/形容词/副词/介词短语，with引导的复合结构。
1． 名词/代词+ 现在分词
现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态等。
例 The man lay there, his hands trembling.
So many students being absent, the meeting had to be put off.
His homework having been done, Tom went to sleep.
注：“独立结构”中的being或 having been 有时可以省去，这样就成了无动词分句或过去分词分句。
2． 名词/代词+过去分词
过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作或所处的一种状态。
例 The boy lay on his back, his hands crossed under his head.
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The job not finished, we couldn’t see the film.
Her shirt caught on a nail, she could not move.
后面两个句子也可以看成省略掉了having been，being。如果加上，这两个句子就又变成了现在分词分句。
3． 名词/代词+不定式
不定式表示的是将来的动作。
例He suggested going for a picnic, Mary to provide the food.
These are the first two books， the third one to come out next month.
We shall get together at 7:30, the procession（游行） to start moving at 8 sharp.
4. 名词/代词+名词
名词一般做前面名词或代词的同位语。
例 Many people joined in the work, some of them women and children.
He fought the tiger，a stick his only weapon.
5． 名词/代词+形容词短语
形容词（短语）说明前面名词或代词的性质，状态，原因等。
例The floor wet and slippery, we had to stay outside for a while.
I heard that she got injured in the accident， my heart full of sorry.
这两个句子也可以看成是省略了being,如果加上，就变成了现在分词分句。
6． 名词/代词+副词
副词说明前面名词或代词的状态。
例 The meeting over, we all went home.
Nobody in, he left a message on the board. He sat at the table, head down. 7. 名词/代词+介词短语 介词短语说明伴随前面名词或代词的方式或者状态。 例 The teacher came in, a book under his arm. The hunter entered the forest， gun in hand．
Nobody at home, the thief took a lot of things away.
8． with引导的复合结构, 也可以认为是一种独立主格结构
例 A woman got on the bus with a baby around her arms.
The teacher came in with several students following behind.
With a lot of things to deal with, he will have a difficult time.
With the work done, he went out to eat.
He left the office with the lights on.
Mary rushed out of the house with the door open.
三、 学习独立主格结构应注意的一些问题
1． 独立主格结构中分句和主句的主语不一致
从以上例子我们可以看出，含有独立主格结构的句子，前后主语是不一致的，这也是独立主格结构和非谓语分句作状语的最重要区别。
例 (1) Hearing the news, he was very excited.
(2) Winter coming, it gets colder and colder.
在这两个句子里，第一个句子，前后的主语是一致的，都是he, 也就是说动词hear的动作发出者是主语he , 因此它是一个现在分词短语作状语表示原因的句子；而第二个句子，我们可以发现，有两个主语，第一个是动词come 的逻辑主语winter, 而第二个主语是句子真正的主语it，非谓语动词coming 和it 之间没有任何关系，因此它是一个独立主格结构。
2． 在独立主格结构中，动词是用现在分词还是过去分词
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一般来说如果逻辑主语和动词之间是主谓关系，用现在分词。如：Time permitting, we will go out to play.一句中，time 和 permit 之间是逻辑上的主谓关系－－－ “时间允许”，因此用现在分词。 如果逻辑主语和动词之间是动宾关系，并且有被动的意思，用过去分词。如：“More time given,we should have done it better. ”一句中，time 和give 之间的关系是动宾关系，有被动的意思---“如果被给更多时间”，因此用过去分词。
3． 独立主格结构相当于一个状语从句
独立主格结构不是一个句子，而是相当于一个状语从句,可以表示时间、原因、条件、方式和伴随情况等。
例 Work done, John went home.相当于一个表示时间的状语从句：When the work has been done, John went home.
例There being no buses, we had to walk home.相当于一个表示原因的状语从句：
Because there are no buses, we had to walk home.
4． 完成时态的运用
在独立主格结构中如果强调分词的时间发生在主句动作时间之前，常用现在分词的完成时态having done， 根据情况确定是用主动还是被动。
例The last bus having gone, we had to walk home.
His wallet having been stolen, he didn’t know what to do next.
非谓语动词作状语时，它的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。但有时非谓语动词带有自己的主语，从而在结构上与主语不发生关系，我们称之为独立主格结构（Absolute Construction）。其实，所谓“独立主格结构”也并非真正独立，它还是一种从属的结构。
悬垂结构
一般来讲，分词或分词短语在句子中充当状语时，其逻辑主语与句子主语一致，如：
Opening the drawer he took out a revolver．其中opening的逻辑主语是句子主语he。当分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时，则应将分词的逻辑主语补出来，如：George yawning，the conversation dropped．这种分词结构被称作独立主格结构。
但有时我们遇到这种情况：分词的主语既不与句子主语一致，分词本身又非独立主格结构，如：Going up the hill，the statue of Lincoln struck my eye．在登上山的当儿，林肯的雕像十分引我注目。
Tired but happy，the bus whisked us home．我们虽然疲乏，但很高兴，公共汽车飞快地把我们送到了家。
这种分词在语法上被称作垂悬分词（dangling participle），也叫无依着分词。垂悬分词从起源上来说，是语言的错误使用（performance error），即将分词的主语与句子的主语错误联系，从而产生垂悬分词，所以有人又叫它错关联分词（misrelated participle）。
垂悬分词通常出现在句子开头或接近开头的位置，与句子中的其它成分不产生必要的句法关系，特别是它与句子主语无逻辑关系。鉴于这种特点，垂悬分词别名为：独立分词（absolute participle）或孤立分词（isolated participle）。
垂悬分词多数为现在分词，少数为过去分词。本文将从使用场合和情况对垂悬分词进行分类、归纳和总结。
1．当分词主语是不定人称时，如：
When dining in the restaurant，a jacket and tie are required．
2．当分词的主语是表示时间、天气、自然现象等的无人称代词it时，如：
Being Christmas，the government offices were closed．
3．当分词的暗含主语是句子的整体时，如：
The siren sounded，indicating that the air-raid was over．
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Unknown to his closest advisers，he had secretly negotiated with an enemy emissary．
4．在正式科技文章中，分词前常常带有连词，其主语通常与I，we，you等同，如： When installing a boiler，the floor space which is available is very important．
When treating patients with language retardation and deviation of language
development，the therapy consists，in part，of discussions of the patients' problems with patients and teachers，with subsequent language teaching carried out by them．
5．垂悬分词最常见于方式分离状语（style disjunct），表明说话人对所说的话的方式、条件以及说话人的态度或看法，这种用法可细分为以下几种情况：
a．说话者用垂悬分词引出话题，如：talking of，getting back to，coming to等，意思为“谈到……，关于……，回到……”等，请看例句：
Getting back to our story，the princess was killed．
Coming to this question，I say no．
b.垂悬分词表明说话者的说话方式，如：
putting it mildly，frankly speaking，generally speaking，roughly speaking，broadly speaking，biologically speaking等，请看例句：
Putting it mildly，you have caused us some inconvenience．
Generally speaking，dogs are more faithful to men than cats．
c．有些垂悬分词或词组表明说话的依据或视角，如：judging from，according to，
considering，viewing it from，seeing，例如：
Judging from his expression，he is in a bad mood．
According to Barthes，the author had died．
Considering the low price，the car is worth buying．
d．有些垂悬分词或词组还为说话者所说内容的成立提供条件，如：providing（that）， provided（that），supposing，given，意思为“if或 with”，wanting和failing意思为“without”。例如： Provided that a film entertains，few people care about its other merits．
Given prudence and patience，anybody can achieve something．
Supposing this to be true，he is certainly the murderer．
e．表示转折性的垂悬分词或词组有：admitting that，allowed that，allowing for，considering（that），assuming that，seeing that，granting that，granted that，notwithstanding，请看例句： Allowing for（＝Considering）the deficiencies，the show is a success．
Granted（＝Granting）that you are right， you should not get angry．
Admitting（＝Assuming ＝Allowing）that he is drunk，that is no excuse．
f．有些垂悬分词或词组还可以表明说话者所说内容有无例外情况，如：barring，bating，excepting，excepted，saving that，意思为“除了……”；including，counting，setting aside， leaving．．．to one side，意思为“包括；除了……还有……”等，请看例句：
Barring（＝bating）this point，I agree with you．
There are fifteen students counting me．
Setting aside the question of capital，this business has many other problems．
以上列举的垂悬分词，我们可以得到一个总体印象：垂悬分词虽然在产生之初为错误联系使用所致，但一旦被言语社团成员所接受，便成为正确英语；由于其产生的特殊性，及其使用场合的有限性，垂悬分词与一般分词相比灵活程度差一些，也就是说，垂悬分词的表达及用途相对固定。甚至于有些垂悬分词词组已被很多词典编撰者当作固定词组来看待，如上文中的generally speaking， frankly speaking，judging from ，coming to details等。
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另外，从词性角度来看，有些垂悬分词已不再被看作是分词，失去了动词的本性，已演变成介词或连词。被当作介词看待的垂悬分词有：considering，counting，including，barring，bating，excepting，excepted， concerning，regarding，respecting，touching， wanting，failing，pending，saving等等，例如：
Considering its cost，this machine is not worth buying．
He asked me questions concerning my health．
Pending a report from Rancy，we'll proceed as planned．
I know nothing respecting that girl．
已变成连词的垂悬分词有：providing（that），provided（that），saving，notwithstanding，seeing，considering，granting， granted，admitting，assuming，allowing，supposing等等。例句： He was prudent notwithstanding that he was young．
Granting that he has made a mistake，he is not to blame．
总之，垂悬分词与一般分词不一样，是一种超常规的语言现象，但其用途与形式相对固定，应引起我们足够的重视。正因为垂悬分词的使用场合及数量相对有限，英语学习者一方面要学会理解并掌握这一超常语言现象，另一方面切记不要将其它一般分词（遵循主谓一致原则）模仿垂悬分词使用，因为毕竟垂悬分词的产生源于错误联系，违反了主谓一致原则。 独立主格结构练习一
1. ______ no bus, we had to walk home.
A. There was B. There being C. Because there being D. There were
2. ____, I'll go there with you tomorrow afternoon.
A. Time permits B. If time permitting C. Time permitting D. Time's permitting
3._____, we all went home happily.
A. Goodbye was said B. Goodbye had been said C. Goodbye said D. When goodbye said
4. _____, we all went swimming in high spirits.
A. It being fine weather B. It fine weather
C. It was fine weather D. It being a fine weather
5. ____, the bus started at once.
A. The signal was given B. The signal giving
C. The signal given D. When the signal given
6. She stood there, _____ from her cheeks.
A. tears' rolling down B. tears rolled down
C. with tears rolled down D. tears rolling down
7. ____, the leaves are turning green.
A. When spring coming on B. Spring coming on
C. Spring came on D. Spring being come on
8. _____, I had to buy a new one.
A. My dictionary losing B. My dictionary having been lost
C. My dictionary had been lost D. Because my dictionary lost
9. I used to sleep with the window _____.
A. opened B. open C. opening D to open
10. ____, the hunter went into the forest.
A. A gun on shoulder B. A gun was on his shoulder
C. Gun on shoulder D. A gun being on shoulder
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11. ____ production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year.
A. As B. For C. With D. Through
12. With a lot of work ____, I have to sit up tonight.
A. do B. doing C. done D. to do
13. He stood there silently, his lips_____.
A. trembling B. trembled C. were trembling D. were trembling
14. _____, her suggestion is of greater value than yours.
A. All things considering B. All things considered
C. All things were considered D. With all things were considered
15. ______, we will surely succeed.
A. The teacher helping us B. The teacher to help us
C. The teacher will help us D. With the teacher helping
独立主格结构练习二
1.The thief stood before the policeman,__________ admitting what he had done.
A.with his drooping head B.drooping his head
C.raising his head D.with his head down
2.__________ ,he can't go out for a walk as usual.
A.With so much work to do B.With so much work doing
C.With so much work done D.Without so much work to do
3.It's quite strange that the man sleeps with his mouth __________ and his eyes __________ .
A.closed;open B.closed;opened
C.closing;open D.closing;opening
4.All things __________ ,the plan trip will have to be called off.
A.be considered B.considered
C.considering D.having considering
5.__________ ,we have to get down to business right away.
A.As there was no time left B.There is no time left
C.There being no time left D.There to be no time left
6.__________ yesterday,we went out for a walk.
A.As a fine day B.It was a fine day
C.It being a fine day D.For it was a fine day
7.The old man stood there,__________ .
A.with back against the wall B.with his back against the wall
C.with back against wall D.his back against wall
独立主格结构练习三
1. ______ no bus, we had to walk home.
A. There was B. There being C. Because there being
2. ____, I'll go there with you tomorrow afternoon.
A. Time permits B. If time permitting C. Time permitting D. Time's permitting
3. _____, we all went home happily.
A. Goodbye was said B. Goodbye had been said
C. Goodbye said D. When goodbye said
4. _____, we all went swimming in high spirits.
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A. It being fine weather B. It fine weather
C. It was fine weather D. It being a fine weather
5. ____, the bus started at once. A. The signal was given B. The signal giving
C. The signal given D. When the signal given
6. She stood there, _____ from her cheeks. A. tears' rolling down B. tears rolled down
C. with tears rolled down D. tears rolling down 7. ____, the leaves are turning green.
A. When spring coming on B. Spring coming on C. Spring came on D. Spring being come on
8. _____, I had to buy a new one.
A. My dictionary losing B. My dictionary having been lost
C. My dictionary had been lost D. Because my dictionary lost
9. I used to sleep with the window _____.
A. opened B. open C. opening D to open
10. ____, the hunter went into the forest.
A. A gun on shoulder B. A gun was on his shoulder
C. Gun on shoulder D. A gun being on shoulder
11. ____ production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year.
A. As B. For C. With D. Through
12. With a lot of work ____, I have to sit up tonight. A. do B. doing C. done D. to do
13. He stood there silently, his lips_____.
A. trembling B. trembled C. were trembling D. were trembling
14. _____, her suggestion is of greater value than yours.
A. All things considering B. All things considered
C. All things were considered D. With all things were considered
15. ______, we will surely succeed.
A. The teacher helping us B. The teacher to help us
C. The teacher will help us D. With the teacher helping
since是一个用法极活跃的词， 也是高考中的重点考查词汇， 现就其用法归纳如下：
一? 用作介词， 意思是“从……以来， 自从”， 常与完成时连用。
I haven’t written home since Christmas.
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自圣诞节以来， 我未曾写信回家。
二? 用作副词，意思是“从那时以后(一直到现在)”， “其后(到现在之间)”; ever since从那以后一直 (更加强调since的用法)。 Things have not changed very much since.
从那时起， 情况并没有太大的改变。 His first book was a great success and he has been famous as a writer ever since.
他的第一本书非常畅销， 从那时起他就成了一位名作家。 He got a job with the firm in 1970 and has worked there ever since.
他从1970年开始在那家公司任职， 之后就一直在那里工作。
三? 用作连词
1. 引导原因状语从句，相当于now that，意思是“因为……，既然……， 鉴于……”。
Since the rain has stopped， let’s go for a walk.
既然雨停了， 我们出去散散步吧。
Since we are young， we shouldn’t be too afraid of making mistakes. 因为我们还年轻， 所以不应该太害怕犯错误。
注意：since表示原因时， 语气比because弱， 表示的原因是对方已知的，或是句中不很重要的部分， 是附带的原因， 因此引导的从句不是信息的焦点， 不能回答why的提问， 也不能用在强调句型中作为被强调的内容。since引导的从句往往放在主句之前。
2. 引导时间状语从句，此用法较复杂。
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(1) 若since引导的状语从句的谓语动词是终止性动词(如go，come，leave， start， begin等)的过去时， 则从句表示的时间是“从该动作开始的那一时刻起”。这是最常见的一种用法。如：
He has studied very hard since he came to our school.
自从来到我们学校， 他学习就非常努力。
Great changes have taken place in our school since you left.
自从你离开这里， 我们学校发生了很大的变化。
(2) 若since引导的状语从句的谓语动词是持续性动词或表示状态的静态动词(如live， stay， study， learn， smoke， be等)的过去时， 则从句表示的时间是“从该动作或状态的完成或结束时算起”。如：
I haven’t heard from him since he lived here.
这句话应译为：从他不住这儿起， 我一直没有收到他的信。
I haven’t eaten snakes since I was a student at school.
was表示状态，因此该句可理解为：I haven’t eaten snakes since I left school. 自从我毕业后就一直没吃过蛇。
试比较：
He has written to me frequently since I was ill.
自从我病愈以来， 他经常给我写信。(从句谓语为状态动词)
He has written to me frequently since I fell ill.
自从我生病以来， 他经常给我写信。(从句谓语为终止性动词)
(3) 若since引导的状语从句的谓语为持续性动词或静态动词的现在完成时， 则表示动作和状态延续到现在(说话时刻)， 其表示的时间的起点应从动作发生之时算起。如：
He has written to me frequently since I have been ill.
这里have been ill表示状态的持续性， 时间的起点应从：“开始生病”时算起。因此此句可理解为：“自从我生病以来， 他经常给我写信。”
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