初中英语语法

 

九年级复习

语法-------主谓一致 谓语受主语支配,须和主语在人称和数上保持一致,这叫做主谓一致。主谓一致一般遵循三条原则:语法一致原则,意义一致原则和就近一致原则。

1. 语法一致的原则

(1)以单数名词或代词,动词不定式短语作主语时,谓语动词要用单数;主语为复数时,谓语用复数,例如:

He goes to school early every morning.

The children are playing outside.

To work hard is necessary for a student.

(2)由and或both??and连接的并列成分作主语时,谓语动词用复数。例如: Both he and I are right.

Mr Black and Mrs Black have a son called Tom.

但并列主语如果指的是同一人,同一事物或同一概念,谓语动词用单数。例如: His teacher and friend is a beautiful girl.

The poet and writer has come.

(3)由and连接的并列单数主语之前如果分别由each, every修饰时,其谓语动词要用单数形式。例如:

In our country every boy and every girl has the right to receive education. Each man and each woman is asked to help.

(4)主语是单数时,尽管后面跟有 but ,except, besides, with 等介词短语,谓语动词仍用单数。例如:

The teacher with his students is going to visit the museum.

Nobody but two boys was late for class.

Bread and butter is a daily food in the west.

(5) 一些只有复数形式的名词,如people, police, cattle, clothes等作主语时,谓语动词要用复数。例如:

A lot of people are dancing outside.

The police are looking for lost boy.

(6)由each, some, any, no, every 构成的复合代词作主语时,谓语动词都用单数。例如:

Is everybody ready?

Somebody is using the phone.

(7)有两部分构成的物体的名词,如glasses, shoes, trousers, chopsticks, scissors 等作主语时,谓语动词用复数。例如:

Where are my shoes? I can’t find them.

Your trousers are dirty. You’d better change them.

如果这类名词前用了a pair of等,则往往用作单数,谓语动词的单复数形式往往取决于pair的单复数形式。例如:

Here are some new pairs of shoes.

My new pair of socks is on the bed.

2. 意义一致的原则

(1)表时间、距离、价格、度量衡等的名词作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数。例如: Twenty years is not a long time.

Ten dollars is too dear.

(2)有些集合名词,如family, team等作主语时,如作为一个整体看待,谓语动词用单数;如指其中每个成员,则用复数。例如:

My family is big one.

My family are watching TV.

(3)不定代词由all, most, more, some, any, none作主语时,也要依这些代词表示的意义来决定谓语动词的单复数形式。如果代词代表复数可数名词,谓语动词用复数;如果代词代表单数可数名词或不可数名词,谓语动词用单数。例如:

All of the work has been finished.

All of the people have gone.

(4)疑问代词作主语时,其谓语动词也有两种情况:主语表示复数意义,谓语动词用复数;主语表示单数意义,则谓语动词用单数。例如:

Who is your brother?

Who are League members?

(5)“分数或百分数+of+名词”构成的词组作主语时,其谓语动词要以of后面的名词而定。名词是复数,谓语动词用复数:名词是单数,谓语动词用单数。例如:

It is said that 35 per cent of the doctors are women.

Three -fourths of the surface of the earth is sea.

(6)half, the rest等表示不定数量的名词作主语时,如果所指为复数意义,动词用复数;如果所指为单数意义,动词用单数。例如:

I have read a large part of the book, the rest is more difficult.

Only ten students attended the class because all the rest were off sick.

(7)由what 引导地主于从句作主语时,通常谓语动词用单数形式。但如果所指内容为复数意义时,谓语动词用复数形式。例如:

What she said is correct.

What she left me are a few old books.

(8)凡是以“定冠词+形容词(或分词)”作主语,往往根据意义一致的原则决定谓语动词的单复数形式。如果这种主语指的是一类人,谓语动词用复数;如果指的是一个人或抽象概念,谓语动词用单数形式。例如:

The sick have been cured and the lost have been found.

The dead is a famous person.

3. 邻近一致的原则

(1)由连词or, either??or, neither??nor, not only?but also,等连接的并列主语,如果一个是单数,一个是复数,则谓语动词按就近一致原则,与最靠近它的主语一致。例如:

Either you or I am right.

Neither the children nor the teacher knows anything about it.

(2)在“There be” 句型中,谓语动词和靠近的主语一致。

There are two apples and one egg in it.

(3)as well as 和名词连用时,谓语动词和第一个名词相一致。

He as well as I is responsible for it.

不但是我,他对这件事也有责任。

(4)以here开头的句子,其谓语动词和靠近的主语一致。

Here is a letter and some books for you.

二,被动语态

A.熟记结构

被动语态的结构为“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词(p.p)”。被动语态的不同时态是通过be的时态变化来表示的,其人称和数方面应与主语保持一致。其具体变化为: 一般现在时:am/is/are+p.p.

一般过去时:was/were+p.p.

一般将来时:shall /will be +p.p.

现在完成时:have /has been +p.p.

现在进行时:am/is/are+being+p.p.

过去将来时:should /would be +p.p.

含情态动词的被动结构:情态动词+be+p.p.

被动语态常用于以下两种情况:

1.不知道谁是动作的执行者,或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者;

2.强调动作的承受者。例如:

C.熟练转换

1.将主动语态变被动语态的基本方法为:

①将主动语态的宾语作被动语态的主语;

②谓语动词变为“be+及物动词的过去分词”,并通过be的变化来表达出不同的时态; ③主动语态的主语变为介词by的宾语,组成介词短语放在被动结构中的谓语动词之后。(有时by短语可以省略)。

2.被动语态的一般疑问句是将一个助动词置于主语之前;否定句是在第一个助动词后加not;特殊疑问句的语序为:疑问词+一般疑问句。例如:

Where did they grow vegetables?(改为被动语态)

Where were vegetables grown ?

将主动语态变被动语态应注意几个特殊情况:

1.含双宾语的主动结构变为被动结构时,有两种方法:

①将间接宾语变为主语,直接宾语保持不变;

②将直接宾语变为主语,间接宾语用介词to或for引导。

2.短语动词的被动语态:在变为被动语态时,要将短语动词视为一个整体,其后的介词或副词不能省去。

3.含有复合宾语的主动结构变被动结构时,通常将宾语变为被动句的主语,而宾语补足语就成为主语补足语。注意:省略to的不定式作宾补时,不定式符号to必须补上。

4.不定式的被动结构:动词不定式的被动语态为“to be +过去分词”。

5.以疑问代词开头的疑问句转换成被动句时要注意词序:应将主动句中的疑问代词改为介词by的宾语,但仍然放在句子开头。例如:

E.注意区别

被动语态和过去分词作表语的区别:

1)含义不同:被动语态强调动作,重点说明动作由谁完成、怎样完成;而过去分词作表语通常用来描写情景,叙述人或事物的特征及所处的状态。试比较:

2)用法不同:过去分词作表语时可以被 so,very,too等程度副词修饰,而被动语态则不能用so,very,too修饰,而需用much,very much,so much,too much修饰。试比较:

F.牢记(相关)句型

初中教材中与被动语态相关的句型有:

1.be covered with被??覆盖

2.be made of由??制作(发生物理变化)

be made from由??制作(发生化学变化)

be made in由(某地)制造

be made by被(某人)制造

3.be used for被用来??

be used as被当作(作为)??来使用

be used to do sth.被用来做某事

4.It is said that?据说??

It is hoped that?希望??

It is well known that?众所周知??例如:

主动表被动

1.动词need, want, require表示"需要时",后接动名词或不定式的被动式表示被动意义。如:

Your room needs cleaning/to be cleaned. 你的房间需要打扫一下。

My house requires repairing/to be cleaned. 我的房子需要修理一下。

2.在"be worth doing"短语中,动作与主语之间存在动宾关系,用主动形式表示被动意义。如:

This book is well worth reading 这本书很值得一读。

3.在"主语 +be + adj +to do"这个句型中,不定式动作与主语之间存在动宾关系,则用主动形式表示被动意义。如:

This question is hard to answer. 这个问题很难回答。

English is easy to learn. 英语很好学。

4.连系动词(如:feel,taste,sound,smell,look等)用主动形式表示被动意义。如: This material feels very soft. 这块材料摸上去很柔软。

This apple tastes good. 这个苹果尝起来很好吃。

5.有些表示主语内在性质或性能的不及物动词常与一些副词连用,用一般现在时的主动形式表示被动意义,其主语一般为事物。这些动词有:sell,read, write,wash,wear,last等。如:

The pen writes smoothly 这支笔写起来很流畅。

This kind of food sells well. 这种食物很畅销。

6.Won't或wouldn't表示"不愿"时,后面的动词常用主动形式表示被动意义。如: The door won't open. 这门就是打不开。

This box wouldn't move. 这个盒子就是移不动。

三,时态

一般现在时:

常与always,often,sometimes, every day连用,表示习惯或经常反复发生的动作或存在的状态。提醒你当第三人称单数做主语时,别忘了动词的变化。注意:象"地球大,月亮小"等客观真理、事实一定用一般现在时。

现在进行时:

要注意其构成:由be+动词+ing,表示说话时正在进行的动作。如:We're studying now. 我们现在正在学习。

一般过去时:

表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态,常与yesterday,last year,in 1949,two years ago,等表示过去时间的状语连用。注意:We often went to dance last summer.有的同学一见到often就想到用一般现在时,其实因为后面有表示过去时间的 last summer,所以要用过去式,千万别误用了,切记,切记。

过去进行时:

显然过去进行时表示过去某一时刻正在做什么,常和特定的时间状语如at that time,at six yesterday,at that moment,when he came in等连用。如: When he knocked at the door,his mother was cooking.

一般将来时:

表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态,常与表示将来时间状语如 next year,tomorrow等连用。注意:在Will you ??问句中,回答必须是 Yes,I will.或 No,I won't而不能用Yes,I shall. No, I shan't.来回答过去将来时:过去将来时不可以单独使用,它一般在宾语从句中作间接引语,表示从过去某一时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态。如:They told me that they would go to work in Guangdong.

现在完成时:

顾名思义,现在完成时表示的是已经完成的动作,但动作造成的影响还在,常被

just,already,yet 等副词修饰。如:He has already gone to Tianjin. 对现在造成的影响是他已经不在这儿了。现在完成时还可用来表示过去发生的动作一直延续到现在,常带有for或since等表示一段时间的状语。如:Mr Wang has lived here since 1983.表示说话前发生过一次或多次的动作,我们常用"过"来表示,常带有twice, once, ever, never等时间状语。如:I've never seen that film.

过去完成时:

我们可以用"过去的过去"来概括过去完成时,表示过去某一时刻或某一动作之前已经完成了的动作,通常与by,before等构成的短语或when, before, after引导的从句连用。也可表示过去某一时间开始,一直延续到过去另一时间的动作,常和for或since构成的时间状语连用。用法和现在完成时大致相同,只不过又向前推了一个时态

四,状语从句

1. 状语从句在句子中起状语作用的从句叫做状语从句。状语从句由从属连词引导。状语从句可分为:

时间状语从句:

When Susan goes to town, she will visit her grandma.

苏珊每次进程,总要去看望她奶奶。

地点状语从句:

I will go where I am needed. 哪里需要我,我就到哪里去。

方式状语从句:

I have changed it as you suggest. 我已经按照你的建议作了改变。

原因状语从句:

Mary didn’t go shopping because I advised her not to.

玛丽没有去购物,因为我劝她不要去。

目的状语从句:

They worked hard in order that they might succeed.

他们努力工作,以便能够获得成功。

比较状语从句:

I was happier than I had ever been in my life. 这是我一生中最快乐的时光。

2. 时间状语从句:after

时间状语从句由下列连词引导:After, as, before, once, since, till, until, when, whenever, while, as soon as

Let's wait till the rain stops. 咱们等到雨停再说吧。

Once the train is moving, there's no way to stop it.

火车一旦开动就没办法让它停下来。

They were scolded whenever they were late for school. 每次他们上学迟到都挨骂。

3. 时间状语从句:the moment

结果状语从句:

Waste must be treated so that it does not become a danger to life.

废物必须进行处理,这样它才不会成为危害生命的东西。

条件状语从句:

If he works hard, he will surely succeed. 如果努力工作,他肯定会成功。 让步状语从句:

Though we are all different, we need never be separate.

有一些表示时间的名词短语也可用来引导时间状语从句:The minute, the moment, every time, the first time

The moment he reached the country, he started his search.

他一到达这个国家,就开始他的探寻工作。

Every time I saw the straw hat, it reminded me of the tour I made years before. 每当我看到那顶草帽,它就使我想起几年前的那次旅游。

I thought her nice and honest the first time I met her。

我第一次见到她就觉得她诚实而友善。

4. 时间状语从句:directly

有一些表示时间的副词也可用来引导时间状语从句:

Directly the master came in, everyone was quiet. 校长一进来, 大家就安静下来。 The young lady rushed into the room immediately she heard the noise.

那位年轻女士一听到响声就冲进房间。

5. 时间状语从句:as的用法

1).某事一发生,另一事立即发生

As the sun rose the frog dispersed. 太阳一出来雾就消散。

They strolled into the garden as the music ceased. 音乐声一停,他们就走进花园。

2).在某事发生的过程中另一事发生

I heard the murmur of their voices as I crossed the hall. 我走过大厅的时候听到他们在嘀咕什么。(两个动作都是一般时态)

Just as he was speaking there was a loud explosion. 正当他在说话的时候,一声巨响。 (从句用进行时态)

3).两个动作同时发生

He smiled as he passed. 他路过的时候笑了一下。(两个都是短暂动作)

As she sang, the tears ran down her cheeks. 她一边唱歌,眼泪一边从脸颊淌下。 Helen heard the story as she washed. 海伦一边洗衣服一边听故事。

He saw that she was smiling as she read.

他看到她一边看着书一边笑。(两个都是延续性动作)

We get wiser as we get older.

我们随着年龄的增长而变得聪明起来。(随着时间的变化而变化)

6. 时间状语从句:when的用法

以when引导的时间状语从句中,既可用短暂性动作也可用延续性动作。

I bought the car when I received my first salary.(短暂性动作)我是在领第一笔薪水的时候买的车。

Don't get excited when you talk.(延续性动作)说话的时候不要激动。

7. when 容易与时间状语从句混淆的例子

请注意:此项中when引导的都不是时间状语从句。

She had just finished dressing when her guests came in.

她刚刚穿戴完毕,这时她的客人进来了。

这里的when不是从属连词,而是并列连词。所以它引导的是并列句。像这类问题有以下主要特征:

when 后面的分句动词必须是瞬间动词,用于表示突然性:

We were about to start when it began to rain.正当我们要出发的时候,突然下雨了。

1).when 前面的分句是过去进行时:

He was still smiling when the door opened and his wife came in.

他正笑着,突然门开了,他的妻子走了进来。

2).when 前面的分句含有be about to, be on the point of:

He was on the point of leaving when someone knocked at the door.

他正要出发的时候,突然有人敲门。

3).when 前面的分句采用过去完成时或是过去完成进行时:

We had just fallen asleep when the telephone rang.

我们刚刚入睡,突然电话铃声响了。

The plane had been planting seed for nearly a month when it began to rain. 飞机播种了近一个月,这时天才下雨。

8. 时间状语从句:while的用法

以while引导的时间状语从句中,只能用延续性动作。

They arrived while I was sunbathing. 当我正在进行日光浴时,他们来了。

While the discussion was still going on, Mr. Zhang came in.

当讨论还在进行的时候,张先生进来了。

9. 原因状语从句

because, as, since, 用来引导原因状语从句。for虽然也是表示原因,但是它不是从属连词,而是并列连词。

because 表示最强的因果关系,表达听话者未知的原因,because引导的从句通常放在后面,表示强调时也可放在前面。because引导的从句可以用来回答Why引起的特殊疑问句。 He got the job because he was the best candidate.

他得到那份工作,因为他是最佳人选。

“Why can’t I go?”“Because you are too young.”

为什么我不能去?因为你年纪太小。

as 所表示的原因通常是听话者已经知道的。因而它不是句子的中心。不能用来回答Why引起的特殊疑问句。

As all the seats were full, he stood up. 由于所有的座位都满了,他只好站着。 Perhaps she’ll need some help, especially as she’s been ill.

她可能需要帮助,尤其是因为她一直有病。

since所表示的原因通常也是听话者已经知道的。同样since也不能用来回答Why引起的特殊疑问句。

Since you are going, I will go too. 既然你要去,我也去吧。

for 从语法分析的角度来说,它不是引导状语从句,而是构成一个并列句。 for 通常用于书面语,它通常不表示因果关系,而是对前面的分句进行补充说明。for-分句通常放在句末,for 之前有逗号。

He laughed little, for he was a sad man. 他很少发笑,因为他是个多愁的人。 She was clearly upset, for her eyes were filled with tears.

她显然心烦意乱,因为她眼眶里饱含泪水。

10. 地点状语从句

地点状语从句通常由where,wherever引导。

Where he made mistakes, he admitted these willingly.

他在什么地方做错了事,他都乐于承认这些错误。

Put it where we can see it. 把它放在我们能看得见的地方。

Let’s go wherever this path will take us.

我们就顺着这条小路走,走到哪儿就算哪儿。

六,动词

1.动词的时态

英语时态用共有十六种时态,其中常用的有8种,它们是:一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、现在完成时、过去进行时、过去完成时和过去将来时。

(1)一般现在时的基本用法

1)经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频度的时间状语连用。

时间状语: every?, sometimes, at?, on Sunday

I leave home for school at 7 every morning.

2)客观真理,客观存在,科学事实。

The earth moves around the sun.

Shanghai lies in the east of China.

3)表示格言或警句中。

Pride goes before a fall.

【注意】此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。

例:Columbus proved that the earth is round

4)现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。

I don't want so much.

5)某些动词如 come, go, move, stop, leave, arrive, be, finish, continue, start 等,在一般现在时句中可用来表示将来肯定会发生的动作。

The train comes at 3 o'clock.

6)在时间状语从句或条件状语从句中,一般现在时代替一般将来时。

I'll help you as soon as you have problem.

Tell Xiao Li about it if you meet him.

(2)一般过去时的用法:

表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内所发生的动作或情况,通常一般过去式带有表示动作时间状语的词,词组或从句,如 yesterday, the day before last, last week, two days ago 等,上下文清楚时可以不带时间状语。

I worked in that factory last year.

【注意】

1)过去经常反复发生的动作,也可用used to或would加动词原形来表达,例如: I used to go fishing on Sundays.

2)“used to”也可用于表示过去曾经存在过的状态。例如:

This river used to be clean.

(3)一般将来时的用法

1)表示将来的动作或状态。例如:

I shall attend the meeting tomorrow.

2)表示将来反复发生的动作或存在的状态。例如:

He will go to see his mother every Saturdays.

3)表示将来的意愿,决心,许诺, 命令等时常用will,征求对方意见,主语是第一人称时,常用shall。

I will do my best to catch up with them.

Shall I open the door?

4)be + going + 动词不定式。也是一种将来时句型,表示打算,计划,最近或将来要作的某事。

I am going to Beijing next week.

5)be + 动词不定式。表示有职责,义务,可能,约定,意图等。

There is to be a meeting this afternoon.

We are to meet the guests at the station.

6)be about + 动词不定式,表示马上,很快作某事。

They are about to leave.

动词短语

动词短语的分类

(1)动词+介词

常见的有look for, look after, ask for, laugh at, hear of 等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后。如:

Don’t laugh at others.

Tom asked his parents for a bike.

(2)动词+副词

常见的有give up, pick up, think over, find out, hand in,等。这类短语动词的宾语如果是名词,既可放在副词前边,又可放在副词后边;宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词,则要放在副词前边。如:

You’ll hand in your homework tomorrow.

Please don’t forget to hand it in.

(3)动词+副词+介词

常见的有 go on with, catch up with等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后边。如:

Go on and I’ll catch up with you in five minutes.

After a short rest, he went on with his research work.

(4)动词+名词+介词

常见的有take care of, make use of, pay attention to, make fun of 等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后边。如:

You should pay attention to your handwriting.

We should make full use of our time.

(5)动词+形容词

常见的有leave open, set free, cut open等。这类短语动词的宾语如果是名词,则宾语可放在形容词的前边,也可放在后边;宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词,则必须放在形容词前边。如:

The prisoners were set free.

He cut it open.

(6)动词+名词

常见的有take place, make friends等。这类短语动词用作不及物动词。如: This story took place three years ago.

I make friends with a lot of people.

动词短语的辨析

(1)be made in(在??生产或制造),be made of(由??组成或构成)

(2)come down(下来;落),come along(来;随同),come to oneself(苏醒),come true(实现),come out(花开;发芽;出现;出来),come over(过来;顺便来访),come in(进来),come on(来吧;跟着来;赶快), come up with(找到;提出)

(3)do one’s best(尽最大努力), do well in(在??干得好), do one’s homework(做作业),do some reading(阅读)

(4)fall asleep(入睡),fall behind(落在??后面),fall off(从??掉下),fall down(到下;跌倒)

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