定语从句
1什么是定语从句?
由一个完整的句子充当定语的从句为定语从句。
2特点:和其它类从句比较,除了有引导词(关系词)定语从句有“先行词”。
3什么是先行词:被定语从句修饰的名词/代词为先行词。
4定语从句的种类:限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。
5定语从句引导词(关系词)的种类:关系代词和关系副词。
例:I work in a school which was built 50 years ago.
在此句中”school”为先行词,which 来引导定语从句,“which was built 50 years ago.”整句话来修饰先行词做定语,所以这是个定语从句。
注:定语从句的引导词通常置于先行词之后引导定语从句。
(一)代词性引导词和副词性引导词,即关系代词和关系副词。
代词性引导词有:that,which,who,whom,whose,as等,副词性引导词有:when,where,why等,代词性引导词在定语从句中充当主语/宾语,副词性引导词在定语从句中充当状语。 注:what 不能引导定语从句,因为what从句属于名词性从句。
(二)基本用法。
1.先行词性质不同要使用不同的引导词,先行词指人时,可用that,who,whom代指,who与whom的区别在于who是主格,在从句中作主语,whom是宾格,在从句中作宾语,而that作主语/宾语均可。先行词指物时,用that/which代指,可见,that既可代指人的先行词,也可代指物的先行词。
例:Do you know the man that is standing by the door?
此句that 引导定语从句,代指先行词the man.
例:This is the book that I have been looking for .
此句that引导定语从句,代指先行词the book.
例:This is the book which I have been looking for.
此句which引导定语从句,代指先行词the book.
例:Do you know the man who is standing by the door?
此句who 引导定语从句,代指行行词the man,作从句的主语。也可用that引导从句,如” Do you know the man that is standing by the door?”
例:The lady whom we saw this morning is Mrs.Brown.
此句whom引导定语从句,代指先行词the lady,在从 句中作宾语。也可用that引导即“The lady that we saw this morning is Mrs.Brown.”
例:As is known to all,China is a large country.
As is know to all是个很常用的表达方式,这也是的定语从句,只不过它的位置不像别的定语从句在先行词的后面,本句as代指主句的含义“中国是个大国“。
As是一个特殊的引导词,引导定语从句时为代词。不像其他的代词性引导词用来代指一个具体的先行词,as代指整个主句的含义,which引导非限定性定语从句时,也有类似的用法。 例:He is often late,which makes his teacher angry.
此句which引导定语从句,代指主句的含义“他经常迟到“,作从句的主语,这时which 引导的就是非限定性定语从句。
Which和as的用法相似,但也有区别。
(1) which引导的定语从句只能位于主句后,但as引导的从句在主句前,中,后均
可,在主句前居多。
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