非谓语动词的时态和语态的变化形式。语态
一般式
进形式
完成式
完成进形式态动词不定式动名词动词不定式动名词动词不定式动名词动词不定式
动名词主动被动
非谓语动词1、动词不定式的基本形式
一般式
完成式
进行式
完成进行式
2、分词的基本形式
现在分词一般式
完成式
过去分词
3、★解题思路
①解析句子结构,确定设空在句子中充当的功能(如状语、定语或宾补);②找准相关动词的逻辑主语,确定该动词与逻辑主语是什么关系(主动还是被动);
③搜索句子中相关的时间信息,确定非谓语动词的恰当形式;
④将该选项置入空中,看是否能够做到字从意顺,或是否能传达有效信息、完成交际任务。
★分词、不定式作宾补用法要点
一、分词、不定式作宾语补足语的区别
1.感官动词see,watch,observe,lookat,hear,listento,notice等和使役动词have后面的宾补有三种形式,即原形动词(不带to的不定式)、现在分词和过去分词。现在分词表主动或正在进行,过去分词表被动或完成,动词原形表主动和完成。如:
IheardhersinganEnglishsongjustnow.
1主动语态todoTohavedoneTobedoingTohavebeendoing被动语态TobedoneTohavebeendone\\主动语态doingHavingdone\被动语态BeingdoneHavingbeendonedone
刚才我听见她唱了一首英文歌。
IheardhersinginganEnglishsongwhenIpassedbyherroomyesterday.
昨天经过她房间时,我听见她在唱英文歌。
IheardtheEnglishsongsungmanytimes.
我多次听到有人唱这首英文歌。
注意:不及物动词的过去分词作宾补表完成和状态。如:
Ilookeddownatmyneckandfoundmynecklacegone.(状态)
Iwassurprisedtofindmyhometownchangedsomuch.(完成)
2.leave后接三种形式作宾补时,其中的leave保留了原来之义“留下”,但表达的确切之义应是“使……处于某种状态)。
leavesb.doingsth.让某人一直做某事(宾语和宾补之间是主谓关系,表示动作正在进行。)
leavesth.undone留下某事未做(宾语和宾补之间是动宾关系,表示被动和完成,一般以undone,unfinished,unsettled,untouched为多)
leavesb.todosth.留下某人做某事
leavesth.tobedone留下某事要做(不定式表示将来的动作。)
如:It’swrongofyoutoleavethemachinerunning.
你让机器一直开着是不对的。(主动,正在进行)
Theguestsleftmostofthedishesuntouched,becausetheydidn’ttastedelicious.客人们没有动大部分菜,因为它们尝起来不可口。(被动,完成)
Heleft,leavingmetodoalltherestwork.
他走了,留下我一人去做剩余的工所有工作。(主动,将来)
Wehurriedlyendedourmeeting,leavingmanyproblemstobesettled.
我们匆匆忙忙地结束了会议,留下了很多问题等待解决。(被动,将来)
3.have,get后接三种形式作宾补时,其中have,get表示“使、让、叫”之意。①havesth.done=getsth.done“使/让某事由别人去做”(叫/让某人做某事)。如I’llhave/getmybikerepairedtomorrow.
此外,havesth.done还表示“使遭受……”之意。如
Tomhadhislegbrokenwhileplayingfootball.
Mr.Smithhadhishousebrokenintowhilehewasawayonholiday.
②havesb./sth.doing使/让某人/物持续地做某事(现在分词表示主动,正在进行)
getsb./sth.doing使某人/物开始行动起来
如:Thepeasantshadthetractorworkingdayandnightattheharvesttime.农忙时,农民们让拖拉机夜以继日地干活。
Thecaptaingotthesoldiersmovingtowardthefrontafterashortrest.
休息了片刻之后,上尉让士兵们开始朝前线行进起来。
2
注意:“havesb.doing”若用于否定句中,其中have有“容忍”之意。如:Iwon’thaveyouspeakingtoyourparentslikethat.
我不会让你那样子跟你的父母说话。
Don’thavethewaterrunningallthetime.不要让水流个不停。
③havesb.dosth.(getsb.todosth.)使/让/叫某人去做某事
如:Motherhadmegototheshopandbuysomesalt.
Ican’tgethimtostopsmoking.Hewon’tlistentome.
二、下列动词后跟带to的不定式作补语:
advise,allow,ask,beg,cause,encourage,expect,forbid,force,get,intend,invite,like,love,order,persuade,prefer,require,teach,tell,want,warn,wish,等。如:
①Anarmyspokesmanstressedthatallthesoldiershadbeenorderedtoissueclearwarningbeforefiringanyshots.
②Theteacheraskedusnottomakesomuchnoise.
③Thefluisbelievedtobecausedbyvirusesthatliketoreproduceinthecellsinsidethehumannoseandthroat.
三、不定式、现在分词作宾补小窍门
下列动词后在主动语态中用不带to的不定式作补语,但在被动语态中要加上to:它们是“吾看三室两厅一感觉”——5看(lookat,see,watch,notice,observe);3使(make,let,have);2听(listento,hear);1感觉(fell)。以上动词还可用现在分词作宾语补足语(5+3+2+1-2+4):即以上动词除let,make外都可以用现在分词作宾语补足语,此外find,catch,keep,have也可以用现在分词作宾语补足语。如:Atthattime,Ifoundhimcryinginthestreet.
Hewascaughtstealing.I’msorrytohavekeptyouwaitingforsuchalongtime.Themissingboyswerelastseenplayingneartheriver.
★不定式、分词作定语用法要点
一、不定式作定语
1.作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词,或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等,不定式后面须有相应的介词。如:
TheBrownshaveacomfortablehousetolivein.
Thereisnothingtoworryabout.
Pleasegivemeaknifetocutwith.
Hereissomepaperforyoutowriteon.
但是,不定式所修饰的名词如果是time,place或way时,不定式后面的介词习惯上省去。如:Hehadnomoneyandnoplacetolive(in).
Wefoundawaytosolvethisproblem(in).
2.当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时,不定式既可以用主动语态,也可用被动语态,但其含义有所不同。试比较:
Haveyouanythingtosend?你有什么东西要寄吗?(不定式tosend的动作执行
3
者是“你”)
Haveyouanythingtobesent?你有什么要(我或别人)寄的东西吗?
(不定式tobesent的动作执行者是“我”或“别人”)
3.用不定式作定语的几种情况:
不定式表将来:
Iborrowedsomebookstoreadduringmyholiday.
用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no,all,any等限定的中心词。如:
Hewasthebestmantodothejob.
ShewasthefirstwomantowinthegoldmedalintheOlympicGames.
Womenandchildrenwerethefirsttogetintothelifeboats.
用来修饰的词是抽象名词时,常见的有:ability,chance,idea,fact,excuse,promise,answer,reply,attempt,belief,way,reason,moment,time等。如:
DoyouhavetheabilitytoreadandwriteEnglish?
Ihaveachancetogosight–seeing.
二、分词作定语
1.作定语的及物动词分词形式为:V–ing;being+过去分词;当被修饰的名词与分词为主动关系时,用V–ing;当被修饰的名词与分词为被动关系且表正在进行时,用being+过去分词;当被修饰的名词与分词为被动关系且表完成时,用过去分词。例如:
Thehousesbeingbuiltarefortheteachers.
ThebrokenglassisTom’s.
Ihaveneverseenamoremovingmovie.
2.作定语的不及物动词分词形式为:V–ing和过去分词。V–ing表示正在进行;过去分词表示已经完成。如:
fallingleaves正落的叶子
boilingwater正沸腾的水fallenleaves落下的叶子boiledwater沸腾过的水(白开水)
三、不定式、过去分词和现在分词被动式作定语的区别
这三种形式作定语,主要是体现在动作的发生时间上。过去分词表示的动作或是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生,或是没有一定的时间性。如:
HaveyoureadthenovelwrittenbyDickens?
Heisamanlovedandrespectedbyall.
Don’tusewords,expression,orphrasesknownonlytopeoplewithspecificknowledge.
现在分词的被动式作定语时表示的动作正在发生或是与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。如:Listen!Thesongbeingsungisverypopularwiththestudents.不定式的被动式作定语时,表示一个未来的动作。
如:Thequestiontobediscussedatthetomorrow’smeetingisaveryimportantone.
4
分词用法归纳练习
一、用所给的词适当的形式填空(非谓语动词部分)
1(皖).Theplay
(produce)
2(京)Forbreakfastheonlydrinksjuicefromfreshfruit_______onhisownfarm.(grow)
3(京).________twice,thepostmanrefusedtodeliverourlettersunlesswe
chainedourdog.(bite)
4(闽).inahurry.
(Remind)
5(湘).Attheageof29,Davewasaworker,(live)inasmallapartmenttomisstheflightat15:20,themanagersetoutfortheairportnextmonthaimsmainlytoreflectthelocalculture.nearBostonand______(wonder)whattodoabouthisfuture.
6(湘)Nowadayspeoplesometimesseparatetheirwastetomakeiteasierforit.(reuse)
7(湘).Pleasedomeafavor—_________myfriendMr.SmithtoYouthTheaterat7:30tonight.(invite)
8(赣)._________therightkindoftraining,theseteenagesoccerplayersmayonedaygrewtheinternationalstars.(give)
9(赣).Thegovernmentplanstobringinnewlaws_____parentstotakemoreresponsibilityfortheeducationoftheirchildren.(force)
10(琼)Thechildrenallturned
theclassroom.(look)
11(琼).Nowthatwe’vediscussedoutproblem,arepeoplehappywiththedecisions?(take)
ourclubnextFriday.(hold)atthefamousactressassheentered12(鲁).Weareinvitedtoaparty_________in
13(陕)IstillremembertotheFamenTempleandwhatIsawthere.(take)14(沪)Asmallplanecrashedintoahillsidefivemileseastofthecity,_____allfourpeopleonboard.(kill)
5
15.(沪).Withthegovernment’said,those_______bytheearthquakehavemovedtothenewsettlements.(affect)
16(沪)Billsuggested________ameetingonwhattodofortheShanghaiExpoduringthevacation.(Hold)
17(川)Ladiesandgentlemen,pleaseremain__________untiltheplanehascometoacompletestop.(seat)
18(川).________manytimes,hefinallyunderstoodit.(tell)
19(津).______theprojectintime,thestaffwereworkingatweekends.(complete)
20(津)_____bytheadvancesintechnology,manyfarmershavesetupwindfarmsontheirland.(Encourage)
21(浙)______andshortofbreath,AndyandRubywerethefirsttoreachthetopofMountTai.
(Tire)
22(浙).Thereisagreatdealofevidence_______thatmusicactivitiesengagedifferentpartsofthebrain.(indicate)
23.(渝)Michael’snewhouseislikeahugepalace,
_________withhisoldone.(compare)
24(渝).Withtheworldchangingfast,wehavesomethingnew
allbyourselveseveryday.(deal)
25(全国2).Theyusecomputerstokeepthetrafficsmoothly.(run)with
二、对比练习在下列每组句子中分别用所给的词的正确形式填空:
1.a)Whatabout_________(give)upsmoking?
b)Hehasmadeuphismind_______(give)upsmoking.
c)____________(give)upsmoking,hethrewawaytheremainingcigarette.
2.a)Heisconsidering____________anewkindofmachine.
b)Edisonisconsidered___________theelectricity.(invent)
3a)Shewanted__________herdress.
b)Shewantedherdress___________
c)Herdresswants______________.(sew)
6
4.a)I’mgoingtohavemywastepaper_________(take)awayatonce.
b)I’mgoingtohavemylittlebrother_________mywastepapertakeawayatonce.(take)
c)I’llnothavemylittlebrother___________(play)thecomputergames.
三、根据短文语法需要,翻译下列词或短语:
____________________(要学好)Englishwell,wehavesomanywords_________(记忆)andourlisteningalsoneeds___________(提高)。Ihardlyfindaperson_________(玩)becausenobodywantstowastetime________nothing(无所事事).Everyonewantstobethelastone___________(离开)theclassroom,wehavenochoicebut________(努力学习)。Itisnouseonly__________(说)so,weareoftenfound________intheclassroom_____________(阅读或思考).Ourteachersare(坐)alwayssatisfiedwithsmilesontheirfaces._____________________(坦率地说),workinghardisnotaproblem.Theproblemis_____________(怎样提高)Englishquickly.Wehavenothing____________(可说)concerningourteachers’experience._____________(面对)sucha__________(困惑)problem,wearesureofourselves.________________(学习)Englishformanyyears,wecancommunicateinsimpleEnglish.___________________(如果机会允许的话),IwouldliketoanEnglishteacherofauniversity.
四、用所给出的动词翻译如下句子,注意体会非谓语动词的用法:
1.她对自己的外貌很满意。(please)She___________________________________________appearance.2.说完这些话,他消失在夜色中。(lose)Withthesewords,he______________________________.3.我买了几张漆成金色的椅子。(paint)Iboughtsome_____________________________________________.4.一群激动的民工(migrantlaborer)围拢在他们的老板周围,讨要工钱。(excite)__________________________________gatheredaroundtheirboss,askinghimfortheirsalary.5.烧伤的孩子怕火/一遭被蛇咬,十年怕井绳。(burn)____________________dreadsthefire.6.当被问到为什么缺席时,他羞愧地低下了头。(ask)_____________________________,hehunghisheadinshame.7.我们被带去参观完实验室后,又被带去参观图书馆。(show)_____________________________,weweretakentoseethelibrary.8.如果再给多一次机会,他可能会成功。(give)_________________________,hewouldbelikelytosucceed.9.他接受了同事们为他捐的款,深深地感动了。(donate;move)Heacceptedthemoney________________________,_____________.10.不管贝多芬的作品在多频繁地被演奏着,它们依然能吸引世界各地的人们。_________________________,theworksofBeethovenstillatrractpeopleallovertheworld.(perform)11.经理们讨论了他们希望在第二天执行的计划。(carry)
7
Themanagersdiscussedtheplanthattheywouldliketosee__________________.12.有人看到那个老人被一辆红色轿车撞了。(hit)Theoldmanwasseen__________________________________.13.别锁门。(leave)Please__________________________.
五、语法填空用所给的词的正确形式填空
Thereisnodoubtthatthe21stcenturywillbemarkedbyaburstofnewscienceandtechnologysuchascolning(克隆)andtheinternetfillsourheartwithdelightaswellasawe.Futuredevelopmentofscienceandtechnologywillbringuswithitbothbenefitsandproplems._____1____(be)sure,wehumanbeingswillenjoythefruitof___2______(advance)scienceandtechnology.___3_____(consider)thecaseofcolning.Itopensmany______4______(excite)possibilities,fromsaving_______5_____(endanger)animalspeciesto_____6_____(produce)organsfortransplantpatients.Nevertheless,newscienceandtechnologywillcreatagreatchallengetoallmembersofsocietyaswell.Furthermore,severeairpollution_____7____(bring)onbythewideuseofmoderntechnologywillcontributeathreattohumansurvival.Inmyeyes,however,suchproblemsanddangerswillbeovercomebysolutionsandopportunities_______8____(offer)bythedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,and____9_____(balance)byhumanbeings____10____(take)correctiveaction.
六、语法应用基础写作
假设你是李华,你的外国朋友Mike准备徒步登泰山旅游。请你给他写一封信,简单介绍泰山和旅游路线,包括如下内容:
1.简介:位于山东中部,海拔1,545米,1987年被列为世界文化遗产。2.路线:红门(RedGate)---中天门(HalfwayGatetoHeaven)----十八盘(EighteenBends)----南天门-(SouthGatetoHeaven)---玉皇顶(JadeEmperorPeak)3.观景内容:看日出和云海(seaofclouds)
写作要求:
1.只能用5句话表达全部内容。2.开头和结尾已给出,不计入句子总数内。3.尽量合理使用非谓语动词和定语从句。
8
分词练习答案
一、1.tobeproduced2.grown3.Bitten/Havingbeenbitten4.Reminded5.living;wondering6.tobereused7.invite8.Given9.forcing10.tolook11.taken12.tobeheld13.beingtaking14.killing15.affected16.holding17.seated18.Havingbeentold19.Tocomplete20.Encouraged21.Tired22.indicating23.compared24.todeal25.running
二、1.a)givingb)togivec)Togive2.a)inventingb)tohaveinvented3a)enterb)toenter4.a)tosewb)sewed/sewn5.a)takenb)takec)playing
三、1.Tolearn;2toremember;3.improving;4toplaywith;5doing;6.toleave;7.tostudyhard;8.saying;9.sitting;10.readingorthinking11.Tobefrank/Franklyspeaking12.howtoimprove13.tosay14.Facedwith/Facing15.puzzling16.Havingstudied17.Chancepermitting
四、1.ispleasedwith2.waslostinthedarkness3.chairspaintedingold4.Agroupofexcitedmigrantlaborers5.Aburntchild6.Whenaskedwhyhewasabsent7.Havingbeenshownaroundthelab8.Given/Ifgivenoncemoreopportunity9.donatedtohimbyhiscolleagues;deeplymoved10.Nomatterhowfrequentlyperformed11.carriedoutthenextday12.hitbyaredcar
五.1.Tobesure2.advanced3.Consider4.exciting5.endangered
6.producing7.brought8.offered9.balanced10.totake4.六、inthemiddleofShandongProvince,MountTaiwith1,545metersabovethesealevel,waslistedasWorldCulturalHeritagein1987.It’soneofChina’smostfamousmountainsandattractshundredsofthousandsoftouristsfromthroughouttheworldeachyear.thesightsbetter,it’sbestonfoot.YoushouldstartfromtheRedGate,andpauseatHalfwayGatetoHeaventotakeabreak,thenclimbuptheEighteentheSouthGatetoHeaven,istheJadeEmperorvisitorscanenjoythesightsofsunriseandtheseaofcloudsintheearlymorning.
9
www.99jianzhu.com/包含内容:建筑图纸、PDF/word/ppt 流程,表格,案例,最新,免费下载,施工方案、工程书籍、建筑论文、合同表格、标准规范、CAD图纸等内容。