课时(一) 名 词 讲 解
二、名词的数
名词分为可数和不可数名词。物质名词与抽象名词一般属于不可数名词,它们只有单数形式;个体名词和集体名词一般是可数名词,通常有单数和复数两种形式。 1.
【注】① ch读/k/时,其复数形式应加s,如stomachs(胃,腹部)
② 常见的以o结尾要加es的有如:hero, Negro, tomato, potato, mango,可记为―‖。③ 以f或fe结尾变f或fe为ves的词有如下:
【注】① man,woman作定语修饰别的名词时,要把man,woman和其他部分都变成复数,如man teacher – men teachers,_____________________(男医生) - _____________________(女职员); ② 不规则复数形式的记忆口诀:
男女警察英法人,都是将man变成men。
脚、牙oo变ee,child加上ren。 鹿和绵羊是一家,单变复时不变化。3. ―某国人‖
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三、名词所有格
在英语中,特别是表示有生命的名词,可以加's表示所属关系,名词的这种形式我们称之为名词的所有格。
1. 有生命的名词所有格
(1)单数名词的所有格加’s。如:母亲节__________________ 朱迪的办公室_________________
(2)以s结尾的复数名词所有格只加’。如:教师节_________________ 学生用书_________________
(3)姓氏以s结尾,也可直接加’。如: Jones的包包_______________________
(4)不规则的复数名词变所有格加’s。如: 儿童读物__________________妇女节_____________
(5)表示两人共有时,只在最后一个名词后加’s。如:
莉莉和露西的爸爸___________________ 约翰和玛丽的课桌_________________
(6)表示两人各自所有时,则两个专有名词都要用所有格形式,而且后面所修饰的名词要用复数形式。
王林的爸爸和李坤的爸爸__________________________
露西的房间和莉莉的房间__________________________
2. 无生命的名词所有格
(1)无生命的名词所有格常用of结构表示,如:桌腿 _________________ 书名___________________
(2)表示国家、时间、距离、重量和价值等的名词通过词尾变化表示所有,如:
China’s future_____________ today’s newspaper_____________
十分钟的路程_________________ 两周的假期____________________
3. 双重所有格 双重所有格就是将of结构与’s结构或名词性物主代词一起使用,如:
a friend of Tom’s _____________ a friend of mine _____________
4. 表示住宅、办公室或店铺的名词所有格后面一般省略它所修饰的名词,如:
at John’s (home) _____________ at the doctor’s (office) _____________
四. 不可数名词的数:数词或冠词+量词+of+不可数名词,量词可单复数,但of 后的名词只用原形,如a piece of paper, a drop of water, two cups of tea
常见的量词有(bottle,cup,bowl,plate,glass,pair,drop,piece)
修饰不可数名词要用much,a little,little,a lot of=lots of
五. 名词转化
a.某些名词后加y变形容词,表示―充满…的‖,cloud-cloudy, sun-sunny
b.某些名词后加ful变形容词,表示―…性质的‖,use-useful, care-careful
c.部分表示人的名词后加ly变形容词,具有赞美意味。
friendly友好的, fatherly像父亲的,lovely可爱的,lively活泼的,deadly致命的,silly傻的,愚蠢的,daily每日的
某些名词后加less表示没有
,careless, useless
六、名词用法
作主语,English is useful.
做定语,paper tigers, work places
做宾语,She learns Chinese hard every day.
做表语,Tom is my good friend.
做宾语补足语, They chose the boy monitor.
注意:名词作定语(名词修饰名词,修饰词用单数形式)
a.用复数作定语:sports meeting 运动会 students reading-room 学生阅览室
b.man, woman用其单数形式修饰单数名词,用其复数形式修饰复数名词。men workers,women teachers c.数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式.ten-mile walk十英里路,two-hundred trees
d..)
He has a six-year-old 2
实战演练
一. 找出下列笑话中的可数名词,并写出其复数形式:
In the market, a buyer asked a seller ―How much is this cat, please?‖ ―100 dollars.‖ ―But you only asked for 20 dollars yesterday!‖ ―Yes, that’s true. But this cat ate a bird last night and the bird was worth 80 dollars!‖
二. 找出不可数名词,在横线上打勾,并将可数名词变成复数形式:
homework ___________ half ___________ advice____________ money _________ food ___________
foot _________music __________ chicken ______________ mouth _____________bread ___________
information __________milk __________cow ___________ orange ____________ water ___________
三. 选择填空:
( )1.The deer has four ______.
A. foot B. feet C. feets D. foots
( )2.Her two brothers are both ______.
A. policeman B. policemans C. policemen D. policemens
( )3.There are four _____ and two ______ in the group.
A. Japanese, Germen B. Japaneses, Germen C. Japanese, Germans
( )4.Two ______ would come to the village.
A. woman-doctors B. women doctor C. women doctors D. woman doctors
( )5.Can you see nine _____ in the picture?
A. sheep B. dog C. pig D. horse
( )6.The _____ has two ______.
A. boys, watches B. boy, watch C. boy, watches D. boys, watch
( )7.The boy often brushes his _____ before he goes to bed.
A. tooth B. tooths C. teeth D. teeths
( )8.The Japanese ____ will not leave China until she finishes her study.
A. woman B. women C. man D. men
( )9.There are lots of _____ in the basket on the table.
A. tomatos B. tomato C. tomatoes D. tomatoss
( )10. The cat caught two ______ last night.
A. mouses B. mice C. mouse D. mices
四 .名词所有格练习:
( )1. Can you imagine what life will be like in ________ time?
A. 20 years’ B. 20 years C. 20-years’ D. 20-years
( )2. This is a ________ bike. ________ is over there.
A. visitor’s; My B. visitor’s; Mine C. visitor; My
( )3. Wang Tao is ill, so he has to go to the ________ .
A. doctor B. doctors’ C. doctor’s D. doctor’
( )4. This is ________ , and I borrowed it two days ago.
A. a picture of Mr. Cox B. a picture of Mr. Cox’s C. a Mr. Cox’ picture D. Mr. Cox’s pictures ( )5. These are ________ books. Li Ming bought some at this bookstore and Brain bought some at that bookstore.
A. Li Ming’s and Brain B. Li Ming and Brain’s C. Li Ming’s and Brain D. Li Ming’s and Brain’s ( )6. He is ________ .
A. one student of my mother B. one of my mother’s student
C. my mother’s studentsD. one student of my mother’s
( )7. It’s about ________ from my home to our school.
A. thirty minutes’ walk B. walk of thirty minutes’ C. walk of thirty minutes’ D. thirty minute’s walk 3
( )8. This year, the most popular ________ hat is that kind.
A. woman’s B. womens’ C. women’s D. womans’
9. __________________________(李明的父母)work in a big hospital.
10. This is __________________________________(我妹妹的语文书)
11. ________________________________(John和Sally的母亲) are Americans.
12. ______________________________(王平和王明的父亲) is a hotel manager.
13. Is this ___________________________________(你的好朋友的钢笔) ?
14. They are ___________________________________(Peter 和Sam的老师).
15. ___________________________(教师节) is on September 10th .
16. ___________________________________(学生们的桌椅) are very new.
17. We are very happy on ____________________________________(儿童节).
18. ____________________________(赵敏的鞋) are white.
五. 名词复数形式和数词的练习:
1. There are ___________________________(58个学生)in our class.
2. There are ___________________________(22个孩子) in the room.
3. I can see ____________________________(六杯茶) on the table.
4. There are ____________________________(44位女老师) in her school.
5. We can see __________________________________(18个妇女) over there.
6. ______________________________(多少幅画) are there in you bedroom?
7. I have ________________________________(3本字典).
8. Our school has _________________________________(2个图书馆) .
9. There are ___________________________________(12个月) in a year.
10. There are ______________________________(13辆公共汽车) on the street.
词类转换分类记忆
I.形容词——副词
1、加ly
2、去y加i
easy容易的 heavy大量 angry生气的 hungry饥饿的 happy 快乐的lucky幸运的
3、le结尾的,去e变y
possible可能
4、不变
hard难的;努力地,猛烈地 fast快 early早 late晚 enough足够 straight笔直 II. 动词——名词
加er、or、ress
加er
farm 耕种—farmer农民
drive 驾驶—driver驾驶员
teach 教—teacher老师
work 工作—worker工人
write 写—writer作家
report 报道—reporter记者
win 赢—winner获胜者
own 拥有—owner拥有者
paint画、粉刷---painter画家
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manage 经营—manager经理
record记录—recorder录音机
加or
act--actor 男演员 visit—visitor观光者
invent--inventor 发明家 calculate—calculator计算器
edit – editor 编辑 sail ---sailor 水手
加ress
wait—waitress女服务员act—actress女演员
加ion结尾
add—addition 加collect—collection 收集 discuss—discussion讨论 decide—decision决定 invent—invention发明物 invite—invitation 邀请 operate—operation手术 pollute—pollution 污染 review—revision 复习 solve—solution解答 organize—organization组织
suggest—suggestion建议 protect---protection 保护
加ing
begin—beginning开始 build—building大楼
say—saying 谚语 paint—painting 绘画
meet—meeting 会议 end —ending
其他
serve—service 服务
speak—speech 演讲、言语
fish—fisherman 渔夫
enter—entrance 入口
know—knowledge 知识
weigh—weight 重量
please—pleasure 愉快
develop—development 发展
choose—choice选择
tour—tourist 游客
die—death 死亡
succeed—success 成功
fly—flight 飞行、航班
memorize—memory 记忆
mix—mixture 混合物
cook—cook 厨师
save—safety 安全 act—activity 活动
III. 名词——名词
art艺术—artist画家
science—scientist 科学家
city—citizen市民
custom—customer 顾客
office—officer 官员
engine—engineer工程师
friend—friendship 友谊
business—businessman男商人
business—businesswoman女商人
law法律—lawyer律师
locate—location地点 able—ability 能力 5
IV. 名词——形容词
名词后加ful
care—careful 小心的
use—useful 有用的
help—helpful有帮助的
thank—thankful 感激的
wonder—wonderful精彩的
power—powerful 强大的
harm—harmful 有害的
2、名词后加y
cloud—cloudy 多云的
rain—rainy 下雨的
wind—windy 有风的
snow—snowy 下雪的
sun—sunny 晴朗的
noise—noisy 吵闹的
health—healthy 健康的
fun—funny 滑稽的
luck—lucky 幸运的
3、名词后加ly
friend—friendly 友好的 love—lovely 可爱的
4、形容词以al 结尾
nation—national 国家的
education--educational 教育的
nature—natural 自然的
tradition—traditional 传统的
medicine—medical 医药的
physics—physical 物理的
chemistry—chemical化学的
history—historical 历史的
5、名词末尾的ce变成t
difference(s)—different 不同 importance—important 重要的
6、名词后加en
wood—wooden木制的gold—golden金色的 (wool—woolen 羊毛的)
7、名词以ness结尾
kindness仁慈—kind仁慈的illness病 疾病--- ill有病的 不健康
8、形容词后加ydifficult—difficulty 困难honest—honesty诚实
9、形容词后加dom free—freedom 自由 wise—wisdom 聪明
10、其他
danger—dangerous 危险的
office—official 官方的、正式的
fool傻瓜—foolish 愚蠢的
west—western 西方的
height高度— high高的
length长度—long 长的
favour恩惠—favourite 最喜欢的
foreigner外国人foreign 外国的
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home家—homeless 无家可归的
expense费用—expensive 昂贵的
truth真相—true 真实的
wound创伤—wounded 受伤的
pleasure—pleasant 令人愉快的/ pleased 满意的
response相应 反映--- responsible 负责的 有责任的
electricity电—electric电的—electronic 电子的
V. 动词——形容词
interest引起兴趣—interesting 有趣的/ interested 感兴趣的
excite—exciting 令人激动的/ excited激动的
freeze—freezing 寒冷的/ frozen 冷冻的
frighten—frightening 令人害怕的/ frightened害怕的
forget—forgetful健忘的 / unforgettable 难忘的
depend—independent 独立的 有主见的
like—likely很有可能发生的 有希望的 realize意识到—real 真的 break—broken 碎的
follow—following 下面的
fill—full 满的、饱的
enjoy—enjoyable使人愉快的
change—changeable 多变的
act—active 积极的
attract—attractive 吸引人的
die—dead 死的
widen拓宽—wide 宽的
live—alive活的
VI. 前缀
possible—impossible (polite, patient)可能—不可能 tell—retell说—复述 build—rebuild 建造—重建 healthy—unhealthy健康的—不健康的 honest—dishonest诚实—不诚实的appear—disappear出现—消失 like—dislike 喜欢—不喜欢
VII. 国名——国籍
Australia—Australian
America—American
Canada—Canadian
Britain—British
England—English
Italy—Italian
China—Chinese
Japan—Japanese
Germany—German (德国人复数Germans
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