2017考研英语新题型完全精讲（涵盖所有3大类题型全部考点） 应试之王 商志 编讲
2017考研
英语一新题型历年所有题型
及大纲样题全精讲
编讲商志
主讲介绍：
★ 直取本质，彻底破解，主讲的考研英语传奇系列课程成为了考研界无人能够企及的巅峰之作；
★ 考研英语辅导史上划时代的传奇名师，其课堂批量制造高分，被称为“高分梦工厂”、“牛人集中营”；
★教育部考试中心首席专家，高等教育出版社考研英语高分系列图书主编，“考研路上最不可错过的一位英语老师”★考研英语应试教学法第一人,传奇考研英语写作创始人,考研英语辅导神话的缔造者,全国一线城市考研英语首席主讲
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拨开考研迷雾打破英语瓶颈揭示致命误区 铺就高分坦途
2017考研英语新题型完全精讲（涵盖所有3大类题型全部考点） 应试之王 商志 编讲 阅读理解B部分是在2005年才设置的，之前在考研英语试卷上没有这种题型，所以这种题型被称为新题型。也就是说，迄今为止，新题型一共只考过12年。其中英语一共考过12次（2005年到2016年）、英语二共考过7次（2010年到2016年）。
一、大纲对阅读理解B部分的要求
本部分1篇500---600词左右的文章，共5题,10分。主要考察考生对诸如连贯性、一致性、逻辑联系等语篇、语段整体特征的理解，即要求考生在理解全文的基础上弄清文章的总体结构和微观结构。实际上就是《大纲》对考生提出的阅读理解八项技能要求中的第六项 “(考生应能)理解文章的整体结构以及单句之间、段落之间的关系”的具体体现。
本部分有5种备选题型，实际考试时将从中仅选择一种进行命题。需要注意的是：英语一只考前3种。而英语二只考其中的后2种。
题型一：试题内容是一篇文章中有5个空白处。每个空白处本应有一个或一组句子。文章后面有6-7段文字，要求考生根据文章内容从这6-7段文字中选出能放进文章中每个空白处的一段文字，使上下文连贯、一致。
英语一的12年真题中有7年考了这种题型，分别是05、06、08、09、12、13以及2015年。 题型二：在一篇长度约500-600词的文章中，各段落的原有顺序已被打乱。要求考生根据文章内容和结构将所列段落(6--7个)重新排序，其中1-2个段落在文章中的位置已给出。此种题型常被称为排序题。
英语一的12年真题中有3年考了这种段落排序题，分别是2010年、2011年以及2014年。 题型三：在一篇长度约500词的文章前或后有6～7段文字或6～7个概括句或小标题。这些文字或标题分别是对文章中某一部分的概括、阐述或举例。要求考生根据文章内容，从这6～7个选项中选出最恰当的5段文字或5个标题填入文章的空白处。
英语一的12年真题中仅2007年、2016年考过这种题；英语二的7年真题中2013、2015、2016这三年考的这种题型。
题型四：一篇长约700字的文章后面是根据文章内容连线的5道题。这种题型仅英语二考，英语一不考。这种题很接近四六级阅读理解试题中的长篇阅读（又叫快速阅读或匹配题）。
英语二的7年真题中2011年、2012年、2014年都是考的这类题。
值得一提的是：英语二7年真题中2010年考过的新题型是这一类的题：根据一篇课文的内容，判断几个句子是正确还是错误（true or false）。英语二新大纲规定，2011年后不再考。所以英语二的同学们不用复习这种题型了，也不用复习英语二2010年真题中的新题型了。
二、 各题型分类解析
题型一
Directions:
In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
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2017考研英语新题型完全精讲（涵盖所有3大类题型全部考点） 应试之王 商志 编讲
1. 大纲样题
Long before Man lived on the Earth, there were fishes, reptiles, birds, insects, and some mammals. Although some of these animals were ancestors of kinds living today, others are now extinct, that is, they have no descendants alive now. 41. __________________.
Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin, so that, apart from color, we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago. The kind of rock in which the remains are found tells us much about the nature of the original land, often of the plants that grew on it, and even of its climate.
42. _________________________. Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action, and most of these are of animals that lived in or near water. Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals, birds, and insects of which we know nothing.
43. _________________________. There were also crab-like creatures, whose bodies were covered with a horny substance. The body segments each had two pairs of legs, one pair for walking on the sandy bottom, the other for swimming. The head was a kind of shield with a pair of compound eyes, often with thousands of lenses. They were usually an inch or two long but some were 2 feet.
44. _________________________.Of these, the ammonites are very interesting and important. They have a shell composed of many chambers, each representing a temporary home of the animal. As the young grew larger it grew a new chamber and sealed off the previous one. Thousands of these can be seen in the rocks on the Dorset Coast.
45. _________________________.
About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out. The mammals quickly developed, and we can trace the evolution of many familiar animals such as the elephant and horse. Many of the later mammals, though now extinct, were known to primitive man and were featured by him in cave paintings and on bone carvings.
[A] The shell fish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known.
[B] Nevertheless, we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils. From them we can tell their size and shape, how they walked, the kind of food they ate.
[C] The first animals with true backbones were the fishes, first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago. About 300 million years ago the amphibians, the animals able to live both on land and in water, appeared. They were giant, sometimes 8 feet long, and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam, or layer, formed. The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea, and in the air.
[D] The best index fossils tend to be marine creatures. These animals evolved rapidly and spread over large areas of the world.
[E] The earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in the sea. Later forms are more complex, and among these are the sea-lilies, relations of the star-fishes, which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed, or to rocks.
[F] When an animal dies, the body, its bones, or shell, may often be carried away by streams into lakes or the sea and there get covered up by mud. If the animal lived in the sea its body would probably sink and be covered with mud. More and more mud would fall upon it until the bones or
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2017考研英语新题型完全精讲（涵盖所有3大类题型全部考点） 应试之王 商志 编讲 shell become embedded and preserved.
[G] Many factors can influence how fossils are preserved in rocks. Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals, dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impression, or simply reduced to a more stable form.
附录：样题分析
本篇介绍的是史前类动物。文章结构的脉络非常清晰：首先介绍什么是史前动物和我们研究史前动物的依据——化石，以及化石形成的过程。随后，作者即按照动物进化的顺序——我们可以见到的化石的最早动物，水生壳类动物，脊椎类动物——逐一加以介绍。
41．[分析]文章一开始，作者告诉我们，早在人类出现以前地球上就有许多物种，现在有些物种的后代依然生存，而另外一些则没有留下后裔。在本题空白处后面文章又说岩石上偶尔会留下数百万年前就死掉了的动物的精确印记。显然，空白处应该是关于岩石与灭绝了的动物之间的关系(7个选项中有[A]、[B]、[E]、[G]四项提到了”rock”)。此外，空白处前面的”extinct”和”no descendant”均为否定意义的表达，而空白处的后面”accurate”和”much”则为肯定意义的表达，这意味着空白处的内容应该有一个结构上的“转折”，因此只有[B]项符合这一条件。
42．[分析]本题具有相当的难度。由于[G]项一开始就有“how fossils are preserved”，与上文和下文似乎都是相吻合的；但是[G]项后面讲的是动物遗体上的有机组织“organism"可能转化成的几种形式，而本题空白处后面的内容则告诉我们“Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action”(岩石中几乎所有的化石都是由于水作用而保存下来的)，因此两部分彼此不相吻合。只有[F]项——水冲泥沙对于化石保存下来所起的作用——与上下文相符合。
43．[分析]本题选择的线索有两条：下文中有“There were also crab-like creatures．．．”，空白处显然应该有关于另一类动物的内容；从本段开始，文章转向讨论由低级向高级变化(进化)中的动物。[E]项开始的部分是“The earliest animals whose remains have been found．．．”，符合文章写作的顺序。[B]项与上文相符，但与下文不符，且与全文结构不相吻合。
44．[分析]本题选择的主要根据是：下文一开始就有“Of these，...”，也就是说，空白部分应该有“some，several，many”或类似的词，因此答案只能是[A]。
45．[分析]从文章的整体结构看，这里需要一个内容的“高潮”。前面几段中讲动物都在不断地进化，而下文说“About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over”，这里需要有一个起到过渡作用的段落，因此只有[C]项符合这一条件。另外，“Reptile”在本题空白处前面的文章中从没有提到，在下文中又没有作为新信息，因而作为正确答案的选项中一定有这个词，所以正确答案只能是[C]。
2. 真题示例
[2005年真题]
Canada's premiers (the leaders of provincial governments), if they have any breath left after complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual meeting, might spare a moment to do something, together, to reduce health-care costs.
They're all groaning about soaring health budgets, the fastest-growing component of which are pharmaceutical costs.
41.__________________________________________________________________
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2017考研英语新题型完全精讲（涵盖所有3大类题型全部考点） 应试之王 商志 编讲
What to do? Both the Romanow commission and the Kirby committee on health care ―― to say nothing of reports from other experts ―― recommended the creation of a national drug agency. Instead of each province having its own list of approved drugs , bureaucracy, procedures and limited bargaining power, all would pool resources ,work with Ottawa, and create a national institution.
42.__________________________________________________________________
But “national” doesn't have to mean that. “National” could mean interprovincial ―― provinces combining efforts to create one body.
Either way, one benefit of a “national” organization would be to negotiate better prices, if possible, with drug manufacturers. Instead of having one province ――or a series of hospitals within a province ―― negotiate a price for a given drug on the provincial list, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of all provinces.
Rather than, say, Quebec, negotiating on behalf of seven million people, the national agency would negotiate on behalf 31 million people. Basic economics suggests the greater the potential consumers, the higher the likelihood of a better price.
43.__________________________________________________________________
A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agency with the creation of the Canadian Co-ordinating Office for Health Technology Assessment, funded by Ottawa and the provinces. Under it, a Common Drug Review recommends to provincial lists which new drugs should be included. Predictably and regrettably, Quebec refused to join.
A few premiers are suspicious of any federal-provincial deal-making. They (particularly Quebec and Alberta) just want Ottawa to fork over additional billions with few, if any, strings attached. That's one reason why the idea of a national list hasn't gone anywhere while drug costs keep rising fast.
44.__________________________________________________________________
Premiers love to quote Mr. Romanow's report selectively, especially the parts about more federal money. Perhaps they should read what he had to say about drugs: “A national drug agency would provide governments more influence on pharmaceutical companies in order to try to constrain the ever-increasing cost of drugs.”
45.__________________________________________________________________
So when the premiers gather in Niagara Falls to assemble their usual complaint list, they should also get cracking about something in their jurisdiction that would help their budgets and patients.
A. Quebec's resistance to a national agency is provincialist ideology. One of the first advocates for a national list was a researcher at Laval University. Quebec's Drug Insurance Fund has seen its costs skyrocket with annual increases from 14.3 per cent to 26.8 per cent !
B. Or they could read Mr. Kirby's report: “the substantial buying power of such an agency would strengthen the public prescription-drug insurance plans to negotiate the lowest possible purchase prices from drug companies”
C. What does “national” mean? Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirby recommended a federal-provincial body much like the recently created National Health Council.
D. The problem is simple and stark: health-care costs have been, are, and will continue to increase faster than government revenues.
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2017考研英语新题型完全精讲（涵盖所有3大类题型全部考点） 应试之王 商志 编讲 E. According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information, prescription drug costs have risen since 1997 at twice the rate of overall health-care spending. Part of the increase comes from drugs being used to replace other kinds of treatments. Part of it arises from new drugs costing more than older kinds. Part of it is higher prices.
F. So, if the provinces want to run the health-care show, they should prove they can run it, starting with an interprovincial health list that would end duplication, save administrative costs, prevent one province from being played off against another, and bargain for better drug prices.
G. Of course the pharmaceutical companies will scream. They like divided buyers, they can lobby better that way. They can use the threat of removing jobs from one province to another. They can hope that, if one province includes a drug on its list, the pressure will cause others to include it on theirs. They wouldn't like a national agency, but self-interest would lead them to deal with it.
[2006年真题]
On the north bank of the Ohio River sits Evansville, Ind., home of David Williams, 52, and of a riverboat casino (a place where gambling games are played). During several years of gambling in that casino, Williams, a state auditor earning $35,000 a year, lost approximately $175,000. He had never gambled before the casino sent him a coupon for $20 worth of gambling.
He visited the casino, lost the $20 and left. On his second visit he lost $800. The casino issued to him, as a good customer, a “Fun Card”, which when used in the casino earns points for meals and drinks, and enables the casino to track the user’s gambling activities. For Williams, these activities become what he calls electronic morphine.
(41)______________. In 1997 he lost $21,000 to one slot machine in two days. In March 1997 he lost $72,186. He sometimes played two slot machines at a time, all night, until the boat locked at 5 a.m., then went back aboard when the casino opened at 9 a.m. Now he is suing the casino, charging that it should have refused his patronage because it knew he was addicted. It did know he had a problem.
In March 1998, a friend of Williams’s got him involuntarily confined to a treatment center for addictions, and wrote to inform the casino of Williams’s gamblers. The casino included a photo of Williams among those of banned gamblers, and wrote to him a “cease admissions” letter. Noting the “medical/psychological” nature of problem gambling behaviors, the letter said that before being readmitted to the casino he would have to present medical/psychological information demonstrating that patronizing the casino would pose no threat to his safety or well-being.
.
The Wall Street Journal reports that the casino has 24 signs warning: “Enjoy the fun ... and always bet with your head, not over it”. Every entrance ticket lists a toll-free number for counseling from the Indiana Department of Mental Health. Nevertheless, Williams’s suit charges that the casino, knowing he was “helplessly addicted to gambling”, intentionally worked to “lure” him to “engage in conduct against his will” well.
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The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders says “pathological gambling” involves persistent, recurring and uncontrollable pursuit less of money than of the thrill of taking risks in quest of a windfall.
(44) ______________. Pushed by science, or what claims to be science, society is
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2017考研英语新题型完全精讲（涵盖所有3大类题型全部考点） 应试之王 商志 编讲 reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or moral failings as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities.
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Forty-four states have lotteries, 29 have casinos, and most of these states are to varying degrees dependent on ----- you might say addicted to ---- revenues from wagering. And since the first Internet gambling site was created in 1995, competition for gamblers’ dollars has become intense. The Oct. 28 issue of Newsweek reported that 2 million gamblers patronize 1,800 virtual casinos every week. With $3.5 billion being lost on Internet wagers this year, gambling has passed pornography as the Web’s most profitable business.
[A] Although no such evidence was presented, the casino’s marketing department continued to
pepper him with mailings. And he entered the casino and used his Fun Card without being detected.
[B] It is unclear what luring was required, given his compulsive behavior. And in what sense was
his will operative?
[C] By the time he had lost $5,000 he said to himself that if he could get back to even, he would
quit.
[D] Gambling has been a common feature of American life forever, but for a long time it was
broadly considered a sin, or a social disease. Now it is a social policy: the most important and aggressive promoter of gambling in America is government.
[E] David Williams’s suit should trouble this gambling nation. But don’t bet on it.
[F] It is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioral problems, often
defining as addictions what earlier, sterner generations explained as weakness of will.
[G] The anonymous, lonely, undistracted nature of online gambling is especially conductive to
compulsive behavior. But even if the government knew how to move against Internet gambling, what would be its grounds for doing so?
[2008年真题]
The time for sharpening pencils, arranging your desk, and doing almost anything else instead of writing has ended. The first draft will appear on the page only if you stop avoiding the inevitable and sit, stand up, or lie down to write. 1. ______________.
Be flexible. Your outline should smoothly conduct you from one point to the next, but do not permit it to railroad you. If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now, work it into the draft.
2. ________________. Grammar, punctuation, and spelling can wait until you revise. Concentrate on what you are saying. Good writing most often occurs when you are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a nervous search for errors.
3. ______________. Your pages will be easier to keep track of that way, and, if you have to clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere, you will not lose any writing on the other side.
If you are working on a word processor, you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraph by making just a few simple keyboard commands. Some software programs can also check spelling and certain grammatical elements in your writing. 4. ______________. These printouts are also easier to read than the screen when you work on revisions.
Once you have a first draft on paper, you can delete material that is unrelated to your thesis
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2017考研英语新题型完全精讲（涵盖所有3大类题型全部考点） 应试之王 商志 编讲 and add material necessary to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing. The student who wrote “The A&P as a State of Mind” wisely dropped a paragraph that questioned whether Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward women. 5. __________________.
Remember that your initial draft is only that. You should go through the paper many times-and then again—working to substantiate and clarify your ideas. You may even end up with several entire versions of the paper. Rewrite. The sentences within each paragraph should be related to a single topic. Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts. Awkward or wordy phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphs should be mercilessly poked and prodded into shape.
[A] To make revising easier, leave wide margins and extra space between lines so that you can easily add words, sentences, and corrections. Write on only one side of the paper.
[B] After you have clearly and adequately developed the body of your paper, pay particular attention to the introductory and concluding paragraphs. It's probably best to write the introduction last, after you know precisely what you are introducing. Concluding paragraphs demand equal attention because they leave the reader with a final impression.
[C] It's worth remembering, however, that though a clean copy fresh off a printer may look terrible, it will read only as well as the thinking and writing that have gone into it. Many writers prudently store their data on disks and print their pages each time they finish a draft to avoid losing any material because of power failures or other problems.
[D] It makes no difference how you write, just so you do. Now that you have developed a topic into a tentative thesis, you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outline you have made.
[E] Although this is an interesting issue, it has nothing to do with the thesis, which explains how the setting influences Sammy's decision to quit his job. Instead of including that paragraph, she added one that described Lengel's crabbed response to the girls so that she could lead up to the A&P “policy” he enforces.
[F] In the final paragraph about the significance of the setting in “A&P”, the student brings together the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring to his refusal to accept Lengel's store policies.
[G] By using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you want to say, you will very likely discover more than your notes originally suggested. Plenty of good writers don't use outlines at all but discover ordering principles as they write. Do not attempt to compose a perfectly correct draft the first time around.
[2009年真题]
Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 1. _____________.
American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan helped found modern anthropology—the scientific study of human societies, customs and beliefs—thus becoming one of the earliest anthropologists. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of
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2017考研英语新题型完全精讲（涵盖所有3大类题型全部考点） 应试之王 商志 编讲 societies. 2. ______________.
In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 3. _____________.
Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. 4. _____________.
Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 5. ______________.
Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist Emile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.
[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.
[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, he became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.
[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the “survival of the fittest,” in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.
[D] They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people's social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children's entrance into adulthood.
[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.
[F] Supporters of the theory viewed culture as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.
[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.
[2012年真题]
Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.
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2017考研英语新题型完全精讲（涵盖所有3大类题型全部考点） 应试之王 商志 编讲
The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. 1. ___________.
The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st century's culture machine.
But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with caution. 2. ___________. I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing.
All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods - paintings, sculpture and architecture - and superfluous experiences - music, literature, religion and philosophy. 3. ___________.
For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. 4. ___________.
Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.
5. ___________.
What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of "stickiness" - creations and experiences to which others adhere.
[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.
[B] Applications like tumblr.com, which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.
[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.
[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading - between passive consumption and active creation - whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.
[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.
[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the world's media culture has been defined by a single medium - television - and television is defined by downloading.
[G]The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to
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2017考研英语新题型完全精讲（涵盖所有3大类题型全部考点） 应试之王 商志 编讲 encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.
[2013年真题]
The social sciences are flourishing. As of 2005, there were almost half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report 2010, the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000.
Yet this enormous resource is not contributing enough to today’s global challenges including climate change, security, sustainable development and Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger, from genetically engineered crops to artificial fertilizers. Here, too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity.
—the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter: there is no radical innovation without creative destruction.
Today, the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates, rather than on topics with external impact. Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords “environmental changed” or “climate change” have increased rapidly When social scientists do tackle practical issues, their scope is often local: Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium for example. And whether the community’s work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.
The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding. This is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today’s economic climate.
The trick is to direct these funds better. The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists. This year, it was proposed that system be changed: Horizon 2020, a new program to be enacted in 2014, would not have such a category. This has resulted in protests from social scientists. But the intention is not to neglect . That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.
[A] The idea is to force social scientists to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change; food security; marine research and the bio-economy; clean, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.
[B] The solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones.
[C] It could be that we are evolving two communities of social scientists: one that is discipline-oriented and publishing in highly specialized journals, and one that is problem-oriented and publishing elsewhere, such as policy briefs.
[D] However, the numbers are still small: in 2010, about 1,600 of the100, 000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of these Keywords.
[E] These issues all have root causes in human behavior: all require behavioral change and
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2017考研英语新题型完全精讲（涵盖所有3大类题型全部考点） 应试之王 商志 编讲 social innovations, as well as technological development. Stemming climate change, for example, is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.
[F] Despite these factors, many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems. And in Europe, some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development.
[G] During the late 1990s, national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds-including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate -varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations, it is about 15%.
[2015年真题]
How does your reading proceed? Clearly you try to comprehend, in the sense of identifying meanings for individual words and working out relationships between them, drawing on your implicit knowledge of English grammar. (41) ______________________________ You begin to infer a context for the text, for instance, by making decisions about what kind of speech event is involved: Who is making the utterance, to whom, when and where.
The ways of reading indicated here are without doubt kinds of comprehension. But they show comprehension to consist not just of passive assimilation but of active engagement in inference and problem-solving. You infer information you feel the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting you with specific evidence and clues. (42) ______________________________
Conceived in this way, comprehension will not follow exactly the same track for each reader. What is in question is not the retrieval of an absolute, fixed or “true” meaning that can be read off and checked for accuracy, or some timeless relation of the text to the world. (43) ______________________________
Such background material inevitably reflects who we are. (44) ___________ ___________________ This doesn’t, however, make interpretation merely relative or even pointless. Precisely because readers from different historical periods, places and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings of the same words on the page – including for texts that engage with fundamental human concerns – debates about texts can play an important role in social discussion of beliefs and values.
How we read a given text also depends to some extent on our particular interest in reading it.
(45) ______________________________ Such dimensions of reading suggest – as others introduced later in the book will also do – that we bring an implicit (often unacknowledged) agenda to any act of reading. It doesn’t then necessarily follow that one kind of reading is fuller, more advanced or more worthwhile than another. Ideally, different kinds of reading inform each other, and act as useful reference points for and counterbalances to one another. Together, they make up the reading component of your overall literacy, or relationship to your surrounding textual environment.
[A] Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfils the requirement of a given
course? Reading it simply for pleasure? Skimming it for information? Ways of reading on a
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2017考研英语新题型完全精讲（涵盖所有3大类题型全部考点） 应试之王 商志 编讲
train or in bed are likely to differ considerably from reading in a seminar room.
[B] Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading, our gender, ethnicity, age and
social class will encourage us towards certain interpretations but at the same time obscure or even close off others.
[C] If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their meaning, using clues presented
in the context. On the assumption that they will become relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as well as possible links between them.
[D] In effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meanings or effects that any given sentence, image
or reference might have had: These might be the ones the author intended.
[E] You make further inferences, for instance, about how the text may be significant to you, or
about its validity – inferences that form the basis of a personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible.
[F] In plays, novels and narrative poems, characters speak as constructs created by the author, not
necessarily as mouthpieces for the author’s own thoughts.
[G] Rather, we ascribe meanings to texts on the basis of interaction between what we might call
textual and contextual material: between kinds of organization or patterning we perceive in a text’s formal structures (so especially its language structures) and various kinds of background, social knowledge, belief and attitude that we bring to the text.
题型二
Directions:
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41--45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A--E to fill in each numbered box. The first and the last paragraphs have been placed for you in Boxes. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
1. 大纲样题
[A] "I just don't know how to motivate them to do a better job. We’re in a budget crunch and I have absolutely no financial rewards at my disposal. In fact, we’ll probably have to lay some people off in the near future. It' s hard for me to make the job interesting and challenging because it isn’t ---- it’s boring, routine paperwork, and there isn’t much you can do about it.
[B] "Finally, I can’t say to them that their promotions will hinge on the excellence of their paperwork. First of all, they know it’s not true. If their performance is adequate, most are more likely to get promoted just by staying on the force a certain number of years than for some specific outstanding act. Second, they were trained to do the job they do out in the streets, not to fill out forms. All through their career it is the arrests and interventions that get noticed.
[C] "I've got a real problem with my officers. They come on the force as young, inexperienced men, and we send them out on the street, either in cars or on a beat. They seem to like the contact they have with the public, the action involved in crime prevention, and the
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2017考研英语新题型完全精讲（涵盖所有3大类题型全部考点） 应试之王 商志 编讲 apprehension of criminals. They also like helping people out at fires, accidents, and other emergencies.
[D] "Some people have suggested a number of things like using conviction records as a performance criterion. However, we know that’s not fair --- too many other things are involved. Bad paperwork increases the chance that you lose in court, but good paperwork doesn’t necessarily mean you’ll win. We tried setting up team competitions based on the excellence of the reports, but the guys caught on to that pretty quickly. No one was getting any type of reward for winning the competition, and they figured why should they labor when there was no payoff.
[E] "The problem occurs when they get back to the station. They hate to do the paperwork, and because they dislike it, the job is frequently put off or done inadequately. This lack of attention hurts us later on when we get to court. We need clear, factual reports. They must be highly detailed and unambiguous. As soon as one part of a report is shown to be inadequate or incorrect, the rest of the report is suspect. Poor reporting probably causes us to lose more cases than any other factor.
[F] "So I just don’t know what to do. I’ve been groping in the dark in a number of years. And I hope that this seminar will shed some light on this problem of mine and help me out in my future work. "
[G] A large metropolitan city government was putting on a number of seminars for administrators, managers and/or executives of various departments throughout the city. At one of these sessions the topic to be discussed was motivation --- how we can get public servants motivated to do a good job. The difficulty of a police captain became the central focus of the discussion.
Order:
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→
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附录：样题分析
这篇样题中共有7个段落，其中有两个段落在文章的位置已给出，分别是篇首和篇尾。首段说的是：一个大都市的市政府召开各部门管理人员研讨会。有一个研讨会讨论的话题是如何激励公务员做好工作。在讨论中，一位警察局警长遇到的难题成了谈堆的焦点。除了这段话，其他段的话都有引号，表明是某人说的话。尾段说到：“所以我不知道如何是好。多年来我一直在黑暗中探索。我希望这次研讨会能给我的难题带来启示，能帮我应对未来的工作。”很明显，这是发言的总结句。结合第一段的内容，我们可以知道，引号里的话是警长的话，而整篇文章主要讲的是他面临的难题。
接着，我们看A到E段，哪一段像发言的起始段呢?这就要看是哪一段把讨论的话题引入。我们可以主要看每段的第一句话。我们会发现[C]段第一句话直截了当地点出话题：“I’ve got a real problem with my officers”，而且与首段的最后一句连接自然，所以我们可以断定41题空中应该填[C]。
[C]段的第一句话后，警长开始评价他的职员。这一段的内容较为正面。因为警长说“有一个难题”，按逻辑顺序，下一个段落应该出现转折，提出职员中存在的问题。依照这样的思路，我们在剩下的段落中寻找，可以发现下一段选[E]连接最自然。[C]段先表扬职员对公众的事积极、热心，但是“The problem occurs when they get back to the station”(一回到警局问题就出现了)。什么问题呢?“They hate to do the paperwork．．．”警长说出了问题的关键——他们不喜欢写公文。警长还进一步说明了这个问题带来的麻烦。说明了问题，警长又是怎
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