专业 ? 权威 ? 轻松 ? 快乐南京大学考博英语历年真题
南京大学2014年博士研究生入学考试英语试题
SECTION I STRUCTURE AND VOCABULARY (30%)
Part A (20%)
Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D respectively. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentences. Then blacken your answer in the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.
1. Hunting is thought to be _______ for the extinction of some wildlife.
A. responsibleB. blamedC. chargedD. denounced
2. The American students came to our school in November, and we then made a ______ visit to theirs.
A. reciprocalB. bilateral C. considerateD. rewarding
3. That man claimed to be a ________ of Confucius.
A. descendingB. ascendingC. descendant D. offspring
4. Can you______ the truth of his statement?
A. denyB. refuseC. decline D. reject
5. I failed in my new job. If only I ________ my parents.
A. listened toB. had listened toC. have listened to D. would listen to
6. He studied at a famous college when he was young, _________ contributed to his success in later life.
A. whichB. itC. thatD. what
7. My eldest sister went on with the story and young children around her ______ with "wonderful!" from time to time.
A. broke outB. broke offC. broke in D. broke up
8. Jean holds very ________ opinions about food; she won't eat anything new or foreign.
A. awesome B. conventional C. consistent D. condimental
9. Donor fatigue and ________ of the country's poverty are now causing those hopes to wither.
A. expenditureB. extremity C. wreckageD. supremacy
10. He felt a great sense of _______after his success.
A. fulfillment B. fortification C. innovation D. illumination
11. They are still in the________stage between the old and new government.
A. transactionB. transplanting C. transitional D. transforming
12. Starting a new business can be a risky________.
A. processing B. attemptingC. undertaking D. overhauling
13. It's none of your business, you have no right to_________.
A. disturbB. interfereC. interruptD. obtain
14. The passengers carried on drinking and dancing, _______unaware of the impending disaster.
A. witheringly B. contemptuously C. morally D. blissfully
15. We must also understand how to ______ between what should be remembered and what should be forgotten.
A. differentiateB. distinctC. disengage D. entangle
16. Maisie had always thought of herself as being shy and ______ , and was surprised that anyone should ask her opinion.
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专业 ? 权威 ? 轻松 ? 快乐 南京大学考博英语历年真题
A. stuttering B. scattering C. inarticulate D. inexpressive
17. The company made more profit in that one month than it made in the whole of the _____ year.
A. previously B. proceeding C. preceding D. unpreceding
18. No president who performs his duties faithfully and _______ can have any leisure.
A. consistently B. conscientiously C. nervously D. piously
19. Take this bit of seemingly _______ advice: In order to write quickly, you must first think slowly.
A. paradoxical B. contradict C. parallel D. disordering
20. I'd rather you _______ me a new one instead of having mine repaired as you did.
A. had given B. have given C. gaveD. giving
Part B (10%)
Directions: There are 10 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D respectively beneath the passage. You should choose the ONE that is most appropriate. Then blacken your answer in tile corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.
In the United States, the first day nursery was opened in 1854. Nurseries were established in various areas during the half of the 19th century; most of were charitable. Both in Europe and in the U.S., the day-nursery movement received great during the First World under direct government sponsorship. the number of nurseries in the U.S. also rose this rise was accomplished without government aid of any kind. During the years following the conditions within the nurseries.
21. A. latter B. otherC. late D. first
22. A. those B. themC. whoseD. which
23. A. impetus B. input C. imitation D. initiative
24. A. sources B. abundance C. shortage D. reduction
25. A. hardly B. entirelyC. only D. even
26. A. Because B. As C. Since D. Although
27. A. unanimously B. sharply C. predominantly D. militantly
28. A. therefore B. consequently C. however D. moreover
29. A. over B. in C. at D. about
30. A. formulating B. labeling C. patenting D. licensing
SECTION II READING COMPREHENSION (40%)
Directions: There are five passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. you should decide on the best choice and blacken your answer in the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.
Passage 1
Tile animal dissection requirement of biology classes has been getting under the skin of
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专业 ? 权威 ? 轻松 ? 快乐 南京大学考博英语历年真题
students for generations, and there have always been some who asked to be excused from the requirement. Now, a growing number of technological alternatives are making it possible for students to swap that scalpel for a computer mouse. There are laws in nearly a dozen states--including California, Florida, New Jersey, and New York--protecting a student's choice to learn about animal anatomy sans scalpel. Some students choosing to opt out feel we should be kinder to our web-footed friends. Others are just queasy at the thought of rubbery frog bodies and tile smell of formaldehyde.
"Dissection is icky. There's a yuck factor," admits Brian Shmaefsky, a board member with the National Association of Biology Teachers. "And a teacher has to weigh the benefits with the cost of students being offended to the point that it interferes with learning."
Virtual blades. So for cases in which a real dissection would be too slimy, it's time to try some toad tech. While the first computer-based alternatives to dissection emerged in the 1980s, modern frog dissection software can be found at different websites. These software programs use creative clicking, high-powered zoom functions, and video clips to teach anatomy. Froguts software, for example, lets students trace incision lines with a computer mouse and snip through skin with a virtual blade. There are even sound effects like a "slish" for slicing frog flesh, or a "shwoosh" for pinning down skin flaps. (Schools currently pay about $300 for a one-year software license, though some organizations will lend programs out free of charge.)
Earlier this year, a graduate student from Simon Fraser University in Vancouver designed the first-ever haptic (the Greek word for "touch") frog dissection program, which uses a penlike tool to create a sensation similar to cutting into real flesh. The hand-held device connects to a computer, and students move the device through the air while watching the results of their actions on a computer screen.
With Digital Frog--a popular program that's had approximately 1,500 frog demo downloads since January and is currently in use in 2,000 schools--students can add or subtract those amphibious organs with a mere mouse click. They can then assess their learning with sporadic frog anatomy quizzes.
"Repetition is helpful. The fact that a student can review sections of a program over and over again is important," says Martin Stephens, vice president for animal research issues at the Humane Society of the United States. "In dissections, the animal's organs are all shriveled and discolored. You look for things and can't find them because body parts have changed drastically since the animal was killed. But on a computer screen, layers can be digitally peeled away." Other experts think the dissection technology has its limits. Gerry Wheeler, executive director of the National Science Teachers Association, says that artificial simulations don't give as enriching an experience as the real thing. Still others worry the programs are depriving kids of experiential learning.
31. The word "swap" (Line 4, Paragraph 1) most probably means_________.
[A] exchange
[B] throw away
[C] reject
[D] refuse
32. Some students ask to be excused from the requirement of biology classes because of the following reason except that__________.
[A] dissection consists of disgusting procedures and unpleasant smells
[B] they are entitled to reject dissection requirement given the legal regulation
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专业 ? 权威 ? 轻松 ? 快乐 南京大学考博英语历年真题
[C] they are offended when fulfilling the requirements of animal dissection
[D] they insist that people should treat animals more as friends instead of simply objects
33. Brian Shmaefsky's statement implies that_________.
[A] He indeed supports the students' animal protection movement
[B] He thinks the animal dissection should be banned
[C] He thinks the animal dissection may not be good for students to learn biology effectively
[D] He always evaluates the teaching effect by weighing reluctant factors of cost and effect
34. The author's attitude towards the toad tech can be said to be________.
[A] supportive
[B] doubtful
[C] indifferent
[D] provocative
Passage 2
Many people dread going oil foreign assignments---sometimes even before they've gone on one. They hear stories about how exhausting and disorienting business travel can be. They worry about getting sick, getting lonely, or getting killed. They're afraid they won't be liked or that they won't succeed. But the fact is that for many people a foreign assignment can be the opportunity and thrill of a lifetime.
The Wall Street Journal reports the story of John Aliberti, who had spent his career working to become a midlevel manager for Union Switch in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Aliberti seemed like an odd choice for an overseas assignment: He had no experience in international travel and business. But when he was chosen to represent the company as technical expert and representative in China, Aliberti responded with enthusiasm: "Back home, the work we do, it's been done for decades. In China you're breaking new ground. It's a milestone in the history of the world."
By viewing his China assignment as an exciting adventure, Aliberti largely bypassed the negative effects of culture shock. According to the Wall Street Journal, "The crowds and chaotic lines don't faze him. He becomes animated telling stories of long train trips to out-of-the-way cities like Nanchang, where Union Switch is helping to build a railroad yard..."
Aliberti's enthusiastic attitude and his active interest in learning about the culture and business practices in China have helped him become a central figure in his company's China operations. His job in Pittsburgh is two rungs below vice president. In China, according to his boss, "He acts like a president or CEO. That's got to turn him on."
35. John Aliberti seemed like an odd choice for overseas assignment because__________.
[A] he is the most experienced member of the company
[B] he has been to China many times
[C] he has been promoted to the top- level position of the company
[D] he has little experience in traveling abroad
36. "Aliberti largely bypassed the negative effects of culture shock." "Bypass"(Para. 3) means_________.
[A] ignore
[B] pass away
[C] avoid
[D] shortcut
37. The following statements are correct about John Aliberti except ______.
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专业 ? 权威 ? 轻松 ? 快乐 南京大学考博英语历年真题
[A] he is good at selling his experience of traveling in China
[B] he is troubled by the crowds and confused transportation in China
[C] he is excited about travelling around China
[D] he is breaking new ground for his company
38. The story of John Aliberti tells us that_______.
[A] culture shock is easy to deal with.
[B] many people dread going on business.
[C] the transportation of China is confused to foreigners.
[D] you can deal with culture shock well with an active interest in learning about the culture.
Passage 3
The period of adolescence, i.e., tile period between childhood and adulthood, may be long or short, depending on social expectations and on society's definition as to what constitutes maturity and adulthood. In primitive societies adolescence is frequently a relatively short period of time, while in industrial societies with patterns of prolonged education coupled with laws against child labor, the period of adolescence is much longer and may include most of the second decade of one's life. Furthermore, the length of the adolescence period and the definition of adulthood status may change in a given society as social and economic conditions change.
In modern society, ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance and there is no longer agreement as to what constitutes initiation ceremonies. Social ones have been replaced by a sequence of steps that lead to increased recognition and social status. For example, grade school graduation, high school graduation and college graduation constitute such a sequence, and while each step implies certain behavioral changes and social recognition, the significance of each depends on the socio-economic status and the education ambition of the individual. Ceremonies for adolescence have also been replaced by legal definitions of status roles, rights, privileges and responsibilities. It is during the nine years from the twelfth birthday to the twenty-first that the protective and restrictive aspects of childhood and minor status are removed and adult privileges and responsibilities are granted. The twelve-year-old is no longer considered a child and has to pay full fare for train, airplane, theater and movie tickets. Basically, the individual at this age loses childhood privileges without gaining significant adult rights. At the age of 16 the adolescent is granted certain adult rights which increases his social status by providing him with more freedom and choices. He now can obtain a driver's license, he can leave public schools; and he can work without the restrictions of child labor laws. At the age of 18 the law provides adult responsibilities as well as rights; the young man can. now be a soldier, but he also can marry without parental permission. At the age of 21 the individual obtains his full legal rights as an adult. He now can vote, buy liquor, enter into financial contracts, and he is entitled to run for public office. No additional basic rights are acquired as a function of age after majority status has been attained. None of these legal provisions determine at what point adulthood has been reached but they do point to the prolonged period of adolescence.
39. The period of adolescence is much longer in industrial societies because_________.
[A] the definition of maturity has changed
[B] the industrialized society is more developed
[C] more education is provided and laws against child labor are made
[D] ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance
40. Former social ceremonies that used to mark adolescence have given place to_______.
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专业 ? 权威 ? 轻松 ? 快乐 南京大学考博英语历年真题
[A] graduations from schools and colleges
[B] social recognition
[C] socio-economic status
[D] certain behavioral changes
41. No one can expect to fully enjoy the adulthood privileges until he is________.
[A] eleven years old
[B] sixteen years old
[C] twenty-one years old
[D] between twelve and twenty-one years old
42. Starting from 22,_________.
[A] one will obtain more basic rights
[B] the older one becomes, the more basic rights he will have
[C] one will not get more basic rights than when he is 21
[D] one will enjoy more rights granted by society
Passage 4
"Teat'em apart!" "Kill the fool!" "Murder the referee"
These are common remarks one may hear at various sporting events. At the time they are made, they may seem innocent enough. But let's not kid ourselves. They have been known to influence behavior in such a way as to lead to real bloodshed. Volumes have been written about the way words affect us .It has been shown that words having certain connotations may cause us to react in ways quite foreign to what we consider to be our usual humanistic behavior. I see the term "opponent" as one of those words. Perhaps the time has come to delete it from sports terms.
The dictionary meaning of the term "opponent "is "adversary ";"enemy "; "one who opposes your interests." Thus, when a player meets an opponent, he or she may tend to treat that opponent as an enemy. At such times, winning may dominate one's intellect, and every action, no matter how gross, may be considered justifiable. I recall an incident in a handball game when a referee refused a player's request for a time out for a glove change because he did not considered them wet enough. The player proceeded to rub his gloves across his wet T-shirt and then exclaimed. "Are they wet enough now?"
In the heat of battle, players have been observed to throw themselves across the court without considering the consequences that such a move might have on anyone in their way. I have also witnessed a player reacting to his opponent's international and illegal blocking by deliberately hitting him with the ball as hard as he could during the course of play. Off the court, they are good friends. Does that make any sense? It certainly gives proof of a court attitude which departs from normal behavior.
Therefore, I believe it is time we elevated the game to the level where it belongs thereby setting an example to the rest of the sporting world. Replacing the term "opponent" with "associate" could be an ideal way to start.
The dictionary meaning of the term "associate" is "colleague"; "friend"; "companion." Reflect a moment! You may soon see and possibly feel the difference in your reaction to the term "associate" rather than "opponent."
43. Which of the following statements best expresses the author's view?
[A] Aggressive behavior in sports can have serious consequences.
[B] The words people use can influence their behavior.
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专业 ? 权威 ? 轻松 ? 快乐 南京大学考博英语历年真题
[C] Unpleasant words in sports are often used by foreign athletes.
[D] Unfair judgments by referees will lead to violence on the sports field.
44. Harsh words are spoken during games because the players ________
[A] are too eager to win
[B] are usually short-tempered and easily offended
[C] cannot afford to be polite in fierce competition
[D] treat their rivals as enemies
45. What did the handball player do when he was not allowed a time out to change his gloves?
[A] He refused to continue the game
[B] He angrily hit the referee with a ball
[C] He claimed that the referee was unfair
[D] He wet his gloves by rubbing them across his T-shirt
46. According to the passage, players, in a game, may ________.
[A] deliberately throw the ball at anyone illegally blocking their way
[B] keep on screaming and shouting throughout the game
[C] lie down on the ground as an act of protest
[D] dash with the ball across the court with force
Passage 5
Two hours from the tail buildings of Manhattan and Philadelphia live some of the world's largest black bears. They are in northern Pennsylvania's Pocono Mountains, a home they share with an abundance of other wildlife.
The streams, lakes, meadows, mountain ridges and forests that make the Poconos an ideal place for black bears have also attracted more people to the region. Open spaces are threatened by plans for housing estates and important habitats are endangered by highway construction. To protect the Poconos' natural beauty from irresponsible development, the Nature Conservancy named the area one of America's "Last Great Places"
Operating out of a century-old schoolhouse in the village of Long Pond, Pennsylvania, the conservancy's Bud Cook is working with local people and business leaders to balance economic growth with environmental protection. By forging partnerships with people like Francis Altemose, the Conservancy has been able to protect more than 14,000 acres of environmentally important land in the area.
Altemose's family has farmed in the Pocono area for generations. Two years ago Francis worked with the Conservancy to include his farm in a county farmland protection program. As a result, his family's land can be protected from development and the Altemoses will be better able to provide a secure financial future for their 7-year-old grandson.
Cook attributes the Conservancy's success in the Poconos to having a local presence and a commitment to working with local residents. "The key to protecting these remarkable lands is connecting with the local community," Cook said, "The people who live there respect the land. They value quiet forests, clear streams and abundant wildlife. They are eager to help with conservation effort."
For more information on how you can help The Nature Conservancy protect the Poconos and the world's other "Last Great Places," please call 1-888-564 6864. Or visit us on the World Wide 47. The purpose in naming the Poconos as one of America's "Last Great Places "is to_______.
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专业 ? 权威 ? 轻松 ? 快乐 南京大学考博英语历年真题
[A] gain support from the local community
[B] protect it from irresponsible development
[C] make it a better home for black bears
[D] provide financial security for future generations
48. We learn from the passage that _______
[A] the population in the Pocono area is growing
[B] wildlife in the Pocono area is dying out rapidly
[C] the security of the Pocono residents is being threatened
[D] farmlands in the Pocono area are shrinking fast
49. What is important in protecting the Poconos according to Cook?
[A] The setting up of an environmental protection website.
[B] Support from organizations like the Nature Conservancy.
[C] Cooperation with the local residents and business leaders.
[D] Inclusion of farmlands in the region's protection program.
50. What does Bud Cook mean by "having a local presence "(Line 1, Para. 5)?
[A] Financial contributions from local business leaders.
[B] Consideration of the interests of the local residents.
[C] The establishment of a wildlife protection foundation in the area.
[D] The setting up of a local Nature Conservancy branch in the Pocono area.
SECTION III TRANSLATION (30%)
Part A (20%)
Directions: Put Tine following passages into Chinese.
Passage 1
The legends of the Wild West still color many people's impression of the United States of America. Unfortunately, the romanticized Hollywood cowboys and Indians have given a distorted picture of what really happened. Certainly, America's western expansion was in many ways an epic of courage and endurance. Dogged pioneers opened up new territory and forged a nation from the wilderness. This is the stuff of legends. But there was a dark side to this story. For the Indians it was a sad, bitter tale of misunderstanding, greed and betrayal--and we should know that too.
Passage 2
If a practical end must be assigned to a University course, I say it is that of training good members of society. Its art is the art of social life, and its end is fitness for the world. It neither confines its views to particular professions on the one hand, nor creates heroes or inspires genius on the other. Works, indeed, of genius fall under no art; heroic minds come under no rule; a University is not a birthplace of poets or of immortal authors, of founders of schools, leaders of colonies, or conquerors of nations. It does not promise a generation of Aristotles or Newtons, of Napoleons or Washingtons, of Raphaels or Shakespeares, though such miracles of nature it has before now contained within its precincts.
Part B (10%)
Directions: Put the following passage into English.
世界与宇宙的本质是什么?这是中国哲学的基本问题。春秋时期的思想家老子是第一个尝试进行阐释的中国哲学家。老子认为“道”乃宇宙及世界之源。道无始无终，“道”即“天”，“天”即“道”。老子主张“道法自然。这个观点揭示了一个平凡但深刻的真理：天、地、人及世间的一切都有着自然的属性，人类作为自然的一部分应当遵循自然的法则，而不应
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专业 ? 权威 ? 轻松 ? 快乐 南京大学考博英语历年真题 无节制地向自然索取。
南京大学2014年博士研究生入学考试参考答案及解析
SECTION I STRUCTURE AND VOCABULARY
Part A
1．答案：A
句意：狩猎行为被认为是导致一些野生动物灭绝的原因。
解析：固定搭配题。四个选项的意思分别是be responsible for “为…负责，形成…的原因”。blame的正确搭配是be to blame for：charge的正确搭配是be charge with；denounce无此搭配。因此A符合题意，B，C，D排除。
2．答案：A
句意：十一月份，美国学生参观了我们的学校，然后我们也对他们的学校也做了一次回访。
解析：词义辨析题。四个选项的意思分别是reciprocal“相互的；互惠的：倒数的”。bilateral“双边的，双方的”多用于政治、经济层面。由此可知A符合题意，B排除。C，D的意思与题意不符，排除。
3．答案：C
句意：那个人说他是孔子的后裔。
解析：词义辨析题。当表示“子孙、后代”时，descendant一般表示名词单数，前面需加a，而offspring是名词复数，表示群体。故C符合题意，D排除。而A，B两项是现在分词，完全不符合题意，排除。
4．答案：A
句意：你能否认他所说的是错的么?
解析：词义辨析题。deny“否定、否认”，当否认某件事时，就是否认它的真实性。其后可接名词、代词、动名词或that引导的从句。refuse含有非常坚决地拒绝的意味，语气比decline强。decline意思是“婉言地拒绝，谢绝”。reject语气比refuse更强，是正式用词，强调不接受，不采纳他人的意见，建议，请求等。故A符合题意。
5．答案：B
句意：要是我听从了我父母的意见，那我就不会找不到新工作了。
解析：语法题。由if only和句意判断，该句包含了虚拟语气。主句的时态是一般过去时，那么从句的时态应该是过去完成时。故B符合题意。A，C，D排除。
6．答案：A
句意：他年轻时就读于名牌大学，后来成为他事业成功的原因。
解析：语法题。很明显该处需要选择一个从句的引导词。根据句意，该处缺少的是一个非限制性定语从句的引导词，且从句中缺少主语。故A符合题意。而that不能引导非限制性定语从句。what不能引导定语从句。故B，C，D排除。
7．答案：B
句意：我的姐姐在看小说，她旁边的孩子们时不时地发出“精彩”的叫喊声，把她打断了。
解析：词义辨析题。四个选项的意思分别是break out(战争等)突发，爆发；(囚犯等)逃脱，逃出； bleak off突然停止；中断了；脱开；断绝了；break in打断(话)，插嘴；破门而
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专业 ? 权威 ? 轻松 ? 快乐 南京大学考博英语历年真题
入；break up打碎，破碎，分裂，结束，衰落，分解，变坏，驱散。由此可知，B最符合题干意思。A，C，D排除。
8．答案：B
句意：Jean对食品持传统的意见，不愿吃任何新品种的食物和国外食品。
解析：词义辨析题。四个选项的意思分别是awesome令人敬畏的，使人畏惧的，可怕的，极好的； conventional传统的，依照惯例的，约定的：consistent一致的，连续的，不矛盾的，坚持的：condimental调味的。由此可知，B最符合题干意思。
9．答案：B
句意：捐赠者变少以及该国的极度贫困正使希望慢慢破灭。
解析：词义辨析题。四个选项的意思分别是expenditure花费，支出，费用，经费；extremity端点，尽头，极限；wreckage(坠毁物)残片，碎片，残骸，折断，失事；supremacy至高无上，最高权力，最高地位，霸权。故B正确。
10．答案：A
句意：成功后，他有一种很强的满足感。
解析：词义辨析题。四个选项的意思分别是fulfillment完成，实现，满足(感)；fortification筑垒，设防，防御工事；innovation创新；illumination照明，阐明，解释清楚。由此可知A正确。
11．答案：C
句意：他们仍处于新旧政府的过渡阶段。
解析：词义辨析题。四个选项的意思分别是transaction交易，业务，事务；办理，处理：transplanting栽植，移植；transitional过渡的；transforming改变形态的，改变外观的。由此可知C符合题意。
12．答案：B
句意：开启一项新业务是一次非常冒险的尝试。
解析：词义辨析题。四个选项的意思分别是processing(数据)处理，整理，配置；attempting试图，尝试：undertaking企业，事业，殡仪事业，保证：overhauling大修，拆修，卸修，翻修。因此选择B。
13．答案：B
句意：这不关你的事，你无权干涉。
解析：词义辨析题。四个选项的意思分别是disturb打扰，妨碍，使骚动，使不安，使烦恼；interfere干预，干涉，调停：interrupt打断(别人的话等)，阻止，截断；obtain获得，得到。因此B符合题意。
14．答案：D
句意：乘客狂欢地喝酒跳舞，没意识到即将到来的灾难。
解析：词义辨析题。四个选项的意思分别是witheringly畏缩地，害羞地，难堪地；contemptuously轻蔑地；morally道德上，有道德地；blissfully幸福地，充满喜悦地。由此可知D符合题意。
15．答案：A
句意：我们也必须知道什么该记住，什么该忘掉。
解析：词义辨析题。四个选项的意思分别是differentiate区分，区别，辨别：distinct明显的，清楚的，不寻常的；disengage分开，解开，释放；entangle使纠缠，缠住，使卷入。根据句意A符合题意。
16．答案：C
句意：Maisie总认为自己害羞并且不善言辞。她感到很惊讶有人会征求她的意见。
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专业 ? 权威 ? 轻松 ? 快乐 南京大学考博英语历年真题
解析：词义辨析题。四个选项的意思分别是stuttering结结巴巴地说：scattering散乱的，分散在不同范围的；inarticulate不善辞令的；inexpressive无表情的，无意义的。由此可知C符合题意。
17．答案：C
句意：公司那个月的利润比去年一年的利润还多。
解析：词义辨析题。previously是副词，意思是：之前，先前；proceeding进行，进程；preceding (时间或地点上)在先的，在前的，前面的，前述的，上述的；unpretending空前的。该处应该填的是个形容词，由此可知C符合题意。
18．答案：B
句意：没有哪个认真工作的总统会有闲暇的时间。
解析：词义辨析题。四个选项的意思分别是consistently一致地：conscientiously认真地，负责尽职地；nervously紧张地；piously虔诚地。由此可知B符合题意。
19．答案：A
句意：听取这则看似矛盾的建议：为了快速写作，首先必须要慢速思考。
解析：词义辨析题。四个选项的意思分别是paradoxical矛盾的； 自相矛盾的；contradict反驳，驳斥，否认，与…矛盾；parallel平行的，相同的，类似的；disordering无序的。由此可知A符合题意。
20．答案：C
句意：我宁愿你给我换一个新的，而不是只是将它修好。
解析：语法判断题。由would rather判断，后面接的从句应该使用虚拟语气，短语would rather比较特殊，其后面从句使用虚拟语气时，谓语动词一般用一般过去时。故C符合题意。 Part B
文章大意：
美国的第一家托儿所建于1854年。一战时由于女性劳动力需求骤增，托儿所收养的孩童也剧增。托儿所在没有政府任何帮助的情况下越来越多。一战后，美国政府加强了对托儿所的管理。
答案解析：
21．答案：A
解析：上下文理解题。由上文“美国的第一家托儿所建于1854年”可知，美国大多数托儿所建立于19世纪下半叶。A符合题意。
22．答案：D
解析：语法判断题。很明显此处缺少一个非限制性定语从句的引导词，故选择D。
23．答案：A
解析：词义辨析题。四个选项的意思分别是impetus动力，促进；input输入，投入；imitation模仿；initiative主动性，主动精神。第一次世界大战促进了托儿所运动的发展。故A符合题意。
24．答案：C
解析：词义辨析。四个选项的意思分别是source根源，本源，源头；abundance丰富，大量：shortage短缺；reduction减少。男性劳动力的短缺使得空前大量的女性受雇于工厂。故C符合题意。
25．答案：D
解析：词义辨析题。这里的意思应该是“有些托儿所甚至建在军火工厂里”。故D符合题意。
26．答案：D
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专业 ? 权威 ? 轻松 ? 快乐 南京大学考博英语历年真题
解析：语法判断题。根据句意可知，这是一个让步状语从句，该处缺少一个引导词，并且要放在句首，故D符合题意。
27．答案：B
解析：词义辨析题。四个选项的意思分别是unanimously无异议地，全体一致地；rise sharply急剧地增长；predominantly占主导地位地，显著地，占优势地；militantly激进地，好斗地。由此可知B符合题意。
28．答案：C
解析：上下文理解题。由上下文可知，一战后美国政府加强对托儿所监管，与之前不给予任何扶持形成鲜明对比。这里是转折语气，故应该选用：however，C符合题意。
29．答案：A
解析：固定搭配题：对……加以控制；的固定搭配是exercise control over…。故A符合题意。
30．答案：A
解析：词义判断题。四个选项的意思分别是formulate使规范：label贴标签于，把…称为；patent获得……专利，给予……专利权；license同意；发许可证；。故A符合题意。 SECTION II READING COMPREHENSION
Passage 1
文章大意
所有生物学专业的人都要学习解剖课程，有些人希望能够不用学习这种课程，因为他们认为解剖很恶心，让人感到不舒服。目前，日益增多的科技替代品使得学生们可以用电脑鼠标来替代解剖刀。一些软件程序用富有创意的点击、高性能的缩放功能以及视频片断来教授解剖。这些软件方便实用，受到广大学生的青睐。学生们只需用鼠标点击就可以加上或切除两栖器官，然后还可以不时用分散的青蛙解剖测试来检查自己学习的效果。但有些专家认为解剖技术有其局限性，会剥夺学生的实践学习。
答案解析：
31．答案：A
解析：词义猜测题。上文提到很多学生不愿学习解剖课程，而下文也说到很多电脑软件可以替代解剖刀来进行试验。因此，此处swap的意思是：交换，替换；故A符合题意。B，C，D排除。
32．答案：B
解析：细节判断题。文章第一段提到Some students choosing to opt out feel we should be kinder to our web-footed friends．Others are just queasy at the thought of rubbery frog bodies and the smell of formaldehyde即一些选择不用解剖刀的学生认为我们对这些蹼足朋友也应该友善一些。而还有一些人一想到青蛙有弹性的身体和甲醛气味就感到恶心。故排除A和D。
第二段提到a teacher has to weigh the benefits with the cost of students being offended to the point that it interferes with learning即老师必须得衡量一下学生感到被冒犯甚至影响到学习这个问题。C排除。B未在文中提到，故排除。
33．答案：C
解析：推理判断题。文中第二段Brian Shmaefsky认为解剖粘糊糊的，挺讨厌的。老师必须得衡量一下学生感到被冒犯甚至影响到学习这个问题。由此可知，Brian Shmaefsky认为动物解剖可能不利于生物学专业学生有效地学习。故C符合题意。B和D过于绝对，A在文中未提到，故都排除。
34．答案：A
解析：推理判断题。纵观全文作者大量讲述了电脑解剖程序的优点，虽然在文章最后也
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专业 ? 权威 ? 轻松 ? 快乐 南京大学考博英语历年真题
提及了它的缺点。但从整体上来看，作者还是对电脑解剖程序持支持态度的。A符合题意。B，C，D排除。
Passage 2
文章大意：
很多人害怕去国外出差，因为他们害怕旅途劳顿．答案：孤独甚至生病。事实上，国外出差对很多人来说是一种机会和人生中的一次刺激之旅。Aliberti没有任何国际业务的经验，但是他作为公司的技术顾问和代表被派到中国。他的热情与积极使他克服了中西文化间的冲突，很快成为了公司在中国区的核心人物，并受到了华尔街日报的报道。
答案解析：
35．答案：D
解析：细节判断题。文章第二段提到Aliberti seemed like an odd choice for an overseas assignment：He had no experience in international travel and business．即Aliberti被派往国外出差看似是让人感到很奇怪，原因是他对国际旅行和国际业务没有任何经验。故D符合题意。A，B，C排除。
36．答案：C
解析：词义猜测题。由下文可知，Aliberti成为中国区的核心人物，并且收到了华尔街日报的报道。因此，Aliberti成功地避免了文化冲突带来的负面影响。故C符合题意。A，B，D排除。
37．答案：B
解析：细节推理题。第三段提到中国的人口拥挤和混乱的路线并没有烦扰到Aliberti，一提到乘坐很长时间的火车去到像南昌这样的偏远城市，他就变得侃侃而谈。故排除A和C。纵观全文可知，他正为公司开拓出一片新的天地，故D排除。B与原文意思相反，符合题意。
38．答案：D
解析：文章主旨题。通过Aliberti的故事，可知只要我们抱着积极的态度去了解他国文化，那么就可以很好地处理文化冲突。D最符合题意。A，B，C排除。
Passage 3
文章大意：
童年与成年之间的这段时期叫做青春期，它可长可短，取决于社会期望值和社会对成熟和成年的定义。在特定的社会中，青春期的长度和成年地位的定义可能会随社会经济条件的改变而改变。现代社会中，青春期的各种仪式己不被正式认可，也不再具有象征意义，人们对其传统仪式也不再有统一的认识。社会仪式已经被一系列的“阶段”所取代，这些“阶段”将使人得到更多的认可和更高的社会地位。青春期的各种仪式也已经被法律意义上的地位．权利．特权．和责任所取代。所有法律条款都没有决定到底什么年龄算是进入成年，但它们的确表明青春期延长了。
答案解析：
39．答案：C
解析：细节判断题。第一段作者提到In primitive societies adolescence is frequently a relatively short period of time，while in industrial societies with patterns of prolonged education coupled with laws against child labor，the period of adolescence is much longer and may include most of the second decade of one's life．即原始社会中，青春期通常是相当短的一段时期。而在工业化社会里，由于人们接受教育时间的延长以及反童工法的制定，青春期要长很多，它包含了人生中第二个十年(十岁到二十岁)的大部分时间。因此，C符合题意。A，B，D排除。
40．答案：A
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专业 ? 权威 ? 轻松 ? 快乐 南京大学考博英语历年真题
解析：推理判断题。文章第二段提到Social ones have been replaced by a sequence of steps that lead to increased recognition and social status．即社会仪式已经被一系列的“阶段”所取代，这些“阶段”将使人得到更多的认可和更高的社会地位。接着作者举例说明这些“阶段”指的就是小学毕业．中学毕业以及大学毕业。因此A符合题意。B，C，D排除。
47．答案：A
解析：细节判断题。最后一段提到At the age of 21 the individual obtains his full legal rights as an adult因此，21岁时，一个人才会得到成年人完全的法律权利。故A符合题意，B，C，D排除。
42．答案：C
解析：细节判断题。第二段提到No additional basic rights are acquired as a function of age after majority status has been attained．即进入成年状态后，就不再因为年龄的增长而享受到额外的基本权利。上文提到进入21岁时，一个人就得到成年人完全的法律权利。因此，从22岁开始，他就不会得到比他21岁时更多的基本权利。故C符合题意。A，B，D排除。
Passage 4
文章大意：
在体育赛场上经常会出现一些粗鲁的语言。这些语言可能会导致一些流血事件。在赛场上，体育运动员通常把“对手”这个词当成“敌人”来理解。因此在比赛进行地激烈的时刻，体育运动员会以他们自己的方式去赢得比赛，尽管这种方式会故意伤害到对手。因此，有必要用“伙伴”来替换“对手”这个词。这样比赛就可能会更加和谐地进行。
答案解析：
43．答案：B
解析：主旨大意题。本文开头便列举了一些粗鲁的言语，并且在接下来的行文中讲到在赛场上，体育运动员通常把“对手”这个词当成“敌人”来理解，从而造成了故意违规，甚至流血事件。因此，本文的主旨大意是人们使用的言语会影响他们的行为。B符合题意。A，C，D排除。
44．答案：D
解析：细节判断题。第二段提到在赛场上，运动员通常会把对手当成敌人，他们会用自己的方式去赢得比赛。尽管这种方式会故意地伤害到对手，他们依然认为他们的行为是合理的。这里讲的自己的方式就包含讲脏话甚至故事伤害对手。故D符合题意。A，B，C排除。
45．答案：D
解析：细节判断题。第二段提到手球运动员请求暂停比赛去换手套，却遭到了裁判的拒绝，原因是裁判认为手套没有湿透。运动员很气愤，于是用手套在自己湿透的球衣上反复摩擦，并挑衅裁判说“这下湿透了吧?”因此D符合题意。A，B，C排除。
46．答案：A
解析：细节判断题。第三段提到I have also witnessed a player reacting to his opponent's international and illegal blocking by deliberately hitting him with the ball as hard as he could during the course of play．即我也曾经看到过赛场上这样的一幕，一个球员因对手的违规阻挡，而故意用球狠狠地甩向对手。因此A符合题意。B，C，D未在文中提到，排除。
Passage 5
文章大意：
在宾夕法尼亚的波科诺山上生活着一种世界上最大的黑熊，该山距离高楼林立的曼哈顿和费城有两个小时的车程。该地优越的地理环境也吸引了越来越多的人来此定居，这给当地的环境造成了严重的破坏。为权衡经济发展和环境保护的关系，环保机构Nature Conservancy与当地居民和开发商一起合作，并取得了成功。
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